comparative research titles examples for highschool students

The traditional scale focused on explanations to whole classes, the use of worksheets, practice, and short-answer assessments. Interviews with teachers and students, classroom surveys, and observations were the most frequently used data-gathering techniques. We propose that this filtering process constitutes a test of the robustness of the outcome measures subjected to increasing degrees of rigor by using filtering. Reports using limited samples of students ability and prior performance levels were coded as a limitation to the generalizability of the study. Since you are about to go through over 50 high school research topics, you might get overwhelmed. These studies compared the performance of a sample of students in a curriculum. Does Gap Year Between High School And College Set Students For Success? Table 5-8 shows the comparison by curricular program types. Ready to take your reading offline? Because of the need to open the pipeline to advanced study in mathematics by members of underrepresented groups, we were particularly concerned about gauging the extent to which evaluators factored such variables into their analysis of results and not just in terms of the selection of the sample. We do not wish to imply that we devalue studies of student affect or conceptions of mathematics, but decided that unless these indicators were connected to direct indicators of student learning, we would eliminate them from further study. Students from lower socioeconomic groups fared well, according to reported evaluations of NSF-supported materials (n=8), in that experimental groups outperformed control groups in all but one case. Alternative hypotheses included the following: The teachers in the experimental groups tended to be self-selecting early adopters, and thus able to achieve effects not likely in regular populations. Figure 5-9 shows the number of studies that disaggregated outcomes by race or ethnicity, SES, gender, LEP, special education status, or prior achievement. The school itself provides a culture in which the curriculum is enacted as it is influenced by the policies and assignments of the principal, by the professional interactions and governance exhibited by the teachers as a group, and by the community in which the school resides. The use of item or content strand-level comparative reports had the advantage that they permitted the evaluators to assess student learning strategies specific to a curriculums program theory. It also suggests that the most serious threat to the apparent conclusions of these studies comes from selecting an incorrect unit of analysis. We found disaggregated results particularly helpful in understanding the findings of studies that found main effects, and also in examining patterns across studies. This is a concern that merits major attention in the conduct of further studies. Reports should include clear statements of the limitations to generalization of the study. Others would claim that from the myriad of studies, examining patterns of effects and patterns of variation, one can learn a great deal, perhaps tentatively, about programs and their possible effects. This high rate of attrition from the study suggests that mobility is a major challenge in curricular evaluation, and that the effects of curricular change on mobile students needs to be studied as a potential threat to the validity of the comparison. This figure and a display (Figure 5-7) in a study by Senk (1991, p. 18) of students mean scores on Curriculum A versus Curriculum B with a 10 percent range of differences marked represent two excellent means to communicate the kinds of detailed content outcome information that promises to be informative to curriculum writers, publishers, and school decision makers. You do not have to be in college or university to focus your research on the pandemic. Disaggregation involved reporting data on dimensions such as content strand, subtest, test item, ethnic group, performance level, SES, and gender. The authors go on to present data on the relationship between knowing how to plan or interpret solutions and knowing how to carry them out. No differences were found between the groups on an algebra understanding/applications subtest, overall attitude toward mathematics, mathematical self-confidence, anxiety about mathematics, or enjoyment of mathematics. Overall, these results suggest that increased rigor seems to lead in general to less strong outcomes, but never reports of completely contrary results. tary curricula where no data were available) in the forms of percentages, with the frequencies listed in the bars. Furthermore, on the basis of equity considerations, one must be sure that if overall effectiveness is claimed, that the studies have been conducted and analyzed with reference of all relevant subgroups. Among the 63 at least minimally methodologically adequate studies, 26 reported on the effects of their programs on subgroups of students. Other studies reported on the differences among subgroups within an experimental treatment, describing how well one group does in comparison with another group. Was there a report on treatment fidelity? Each of the major categoriesgender, race/ethnicity, SES, and achievement levelcontributes a significant and contrasting view of curricular impact. Here we compare the percentage of (.72, .00, .28) to (.53, .08, .37) in what we call a strong test. Most results are presented with the eight identified pairs and an accumulated set of means. However, such longitudinal studies can provide substantial evidence of the effects of a curricular program because they may be more sensitive to an, TABLE 5-1 Scores in Percentage Correct by Everyday Mathematics Students and Various Comparison Groups Over a Five-Year Longitudinal Study. What Are Black Holes, And What Is Their Role? Only one study we reviewed, Peters (1992), used randomization in the assignment of students to treatments, but that occurred because the study was limited to one teacher teaching two sections and included substantial qualitative methods, so we coded it as quasi-experimental. In some studies, implementation fidelity is synonymous with opportunity to learn. In examining implementation fidelity, a variety of data were reported, including, most frequently, the extent of coverage of the curricular material, the consistency of the instructional approach to content in relation to the programs theory, reports of pedagogical techniques, and the length of use of the curricula at the sample sites. Other uses of test combinations were used by three studies or less. There were 67 coded studies of the NSF curricula, 11 studies of UCSMP, and 17 studies of the commercial publishers. To avoid the problem of double coding, two studies, White et al. For example, Huntley et al. This eliminated concerns that the materials or the conditions of educational practice have been altered during the intervening time period. What Solutions Does Science Offer To Resolve The Drinking Water Crisis In The Future? Nevertheless, there are studies that provide compelling data concerning the effectiveness of the program in a particular context. The authors reported results from three types of analyses: (1) total test scores, (2) fair test scores (scores reported by program but only on items on topics taught), and (3) conservative test scores (scores on common items taught in both). An analysis of results by content strand. Thus, in evaluations of commercial materials, lack of significant differences in computations/operations, word problems, and probability and statistics suggest that careful attention should be given to measuring these outcomes in future evaluations. This discontinuity can emerge in scores on college admission tests, placement tests, and first semester grades where nonreform students have shown some advantage on typical college achievement measures. We believe that a quality study should at least report the array of curricula that comprise the comparative group and include a measure of the frequency of use of each, but a well-defined alternative is more desirable. Students dont only have to come up with several high school research paper topics, choose one, and produce a research paper. Easy compare and contrast essay topics for college students High school vs college. were conducted for long or frequent time periods. FIGURE 5-6 Continuum of criterion score averages for studied programs. In some of these studies, the methodology was relatively complex as correlates of performance on the outcome measures were found empirically and matches were created on that basis (Schneider, 2000; Riordan and Noyce, 2001; and Sconiers et al., 2002). examples comparative hubpages TABLE 5-5 Reanalysis of Algebra Performance Data. Specific Topic Examples Regarding Education. The author chose a set of measures used previously in studies involving two Asian samples and an American sample to provide a contrast to the students in EM over time. quantitative qualitative methodology hypothesis interpretation In Table 5-3, we document the number of studies using a variety of types of outcome measures that we used to code the data, and also report on the types of tests used across the studies. Possibly, the evaluators for the NSF and UCSMP Secondary programs recognized more clearly that their programs demanded significant changes in practice that could affect their outcomes and could pose challenges to the teachers assigned to them. These gains in positive effects came from significant losses in reporting no significant differences. Both types of studies yielded significant differences for some of the comparisons coded as restrictions to generalizability. They further point out that [t]his 3-year pattern is consistent, on average, in rural, urban, and suburban schools, for males and females, for various minority groups, and for students for whom English was not their first language (p. 4). Second, the intervention should be sufficiently well implemented that there is no question that its critical elements have been delivered to appropriate targets. Other researchers (Bryk et al., 1993) suggest that the unit might be better selected at an even higher level of aggregation. These data are presented across the major content strands for the NSF-supported curricula (Figure 5-12) and the commercially generated curricula, (Figure 5-13) (except in the case of the elemen-. Abrams wrote, It was not the intent of this study to determine the effectiveness of the Saxon text when used as Saxon suggests, but rather to determine the effect of the text as it is being used in the classroom situations. Bias is not an either-or proposition, but it is a quantity of varying degrees. In the spirit of scientific rigor, the committee sought to consider rival hypotheses that could explain the data. The presentation of results by strands must be accompanied by the same restrictions as stated previously. An advantage in SIMMS is that the kids in SIMMS tell me that they really understand the math. Thirty-eight studies did this; the breakdown is shown in Table 5-12 by type of curricular program and grade band. In addition to these prototypical decisions to be made in the conduct of comparative studies, the committee suggests that it would be ideal for future studies to consider some of the overall effects of these curricula and to test more directly and rigorously some of the findings and alternative hypotheses. Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. Because this set of requirements comprises a significant departure from conventional practice, the implementation of the high school curricula should be studied in particular detail. Many studies, perhaps because whites were the majority population, failed to report on this ethnic group in their analyses. Provide adequate information to judge the comparability of samples. In this figure, there are six studies that involved two programs and one study that involved three programs. In the algebra study, there were 20 pairs as a result of the matching, and because they were comparing three experimental conditionsfirst edition, second edition, and comparison classesin the com-. Analyses should examine whether gaps in scores between significantly disadvantaged or underperforming subgroups and advantaged subgroups are decreasing both in relation to eliminating the development of gaps in the first place and in relation to accelerating improvement for underserved youth relative to their advantaged peers at the upper grades. The most significant areas of disadvantage seem to be in students facility with algebraic manipulation, and with formalization, mathematical structure, and proof when isolated from context and denied technological supports. As can be seen from the analyses, in neither statistical test was the difference between groups found to be significantly different (p < .05), thus emphasizing the importance of using the correct unit in analyzing the data. In this case, there were six filters that produced a probability that differed significantly at the p < .1 level. FIGURE 5-10 Proportion of studies by sample size and program. paragraph comparative contrast compare teach writing students preview But, to be generalizable beyond restricted communities, representativeness must be obtained by the random selection of the basic units. Dairy products and how they should be used in a balance. It is also useful to present item-level data across treatment program and show when performances between the two groups are within the 10 percent confidence interval of each other. All sites combined. NOTE: The first set of numbers in the parenthesis represent the percentage of outcomes that are positive, the second set of numbers represent the percentage of outcomes that are negative, and the third set of numbers represent the percentage of outcomes that are nonsignificant. correct unit of analysis; hence, 7 studies used teachers or classes, or schools. The effect could be due to textbook or professional development or an interaction between the two. In the case of the studies of NSF-supported curricula, it appeared that a report or adjustment on treatment fidelity led to proportions with less positive effects and more results showing no significant differences. In some cases, the decision points were coded dichotomously as present or absent in the studies, and in other cases, the decision points were coded trichotomously, as description presented, absent, or statistically adjusted for in the results. In most cases, the studies. From the identification of strong- and weak-implementing teachers, strong- and weak-implementation schools were identified as those with strong- or weak-implementing teachers in 3rd and 4th grades over two consecutive years. If you are interested in education, you should consider choosing an education research topic for high school students. A number of analyses shed some light on various alternative hypotheses and may inform the conduct of future evaluations. Content strand analysis provides the detail that is often lost by reporting overall scores; equity analysis can provide essential information on what subgroups are adequately served by the innovations, and analysis by content and grade level can shed light on the controversies that evolve over time. Most of the studies reported on multiple grade levels, as shown in Figure 5-2. In addition, it appears that one could characterize the NSF programs (and not the commercial programs as a group) as representing a particular approach to curriculum, as discussed in Chapter 3. With that thought, we have presented a list best topic for quantitative research that you can consider for your quantitative research paper. that contained statistically significant results were assigned a percentage of outcomes that are positive (in favor of the treatment curriculum) based on the number of statistically significant comparisons reported relative to the total number of comparisons reported, and a percentage of outcomes that are negative (in favor of the comparative curriculum). Webeast feliciana parish police jury // comparative research titles examples for highschool students. They constructed their own test because, in their view, the standard test was not adequately balanced among skills, properties, and real-world uses. 4-5). Investigating these is important in order to understand the effects of these curricular programs on different subpopulations of students. Seven critical decision points and identification of at least minimally methodologically adequate studies. It is a scientific term that refers to essays where students share what theyve learned after thoroughly researching one specific topic. We would argue in all cases that reports of how sites are selected must be explicit in the evaluation report. For individual students, there is a large literature suggesting the importance of social class to achievement. These studies were coded as control. A number of studies of the Saxon curricula used this method. Three pairs of strong- and weak-implementation schools with similar demographics in terms of free and reduced-price lunch (range 76 to 93 percent), student living with only one parent (range 57 to 82 percent), mobility (range 8 to 16 percent), and ethnicity (range 43 to 98 percent African American) were identified. Weak implementers were either not using EM or using it so little that the overall instruction in the classrooms was hardly distinguishable from traditional mathematics instruction (p. 8). These results are shown in Figure 5-11, which is broken down by content strand, grade level, and program type. We recognized that professional development could be viewed by the readers of this report in two ways. our methodology and its connection to the results stated and conclusions drawn. View our suggested citation for this chapter. Appropriate treatment therefore varies according to the needs of and obstacles facing any subgroup. We relied on the concept of equity in examining the evaluation. As a result of this sorting, we eliminated 19 studies of NSF-supported curricula and 13 studies of commercially generated curricula. Did they estimate effect size for the study? In our context, the treatment is the curriculum materials, and in some cases, related professional development, and the outcome of interest is academic learning. The Most Noteworthy Developments In The History Of Healthcare Financing. The methodology utilized sought to ensure that the material in the course was covered adequately by treatment teachers while finding ways to make comparisons that reflected content coverage. We read and reviewed a set of 95 comparative studies. It is an approach that integrates content strands; relies heavily on the use of situations, applications, and modeling; encourages the use of technology; and has a significant dose of mathematical inquiry. Some of the NSF curricula, 11 studies of UCSMP, and short-answer assessments intervention should be sufficiently implemented... Which is broken down by content strand, grade level, and achievement levelcontributes significant. As control comparison with another group, 26 reported on the concept of in! 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