Compare and contrast the three major theoretical perspectives. After all that was written in the history books about it, a simple yet symbolic gesture by Rosa Parks started the healing process for the United States. social context of development, 3.) Individuals are dependent on each other in an exchange relationship and the outcomes which are valued by the individuals are contingent on the exchanges made with the other. Sociologists today employ three primary theoretical perspectives: the symbolic interactionist perspective, the functionalist perspective, and the conflict perspective. When considering the role of family in society, functionalists uphold the notion that families are an important social institution and that they play a key role in stabilizing society. This page titled 1.1: Theories Developed for Understanding the Family is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Rebecca Laff and Wendy Ruiz via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. An Overview of what you need to know -a knowledge check list covering key concepts, research studies, sociologists, and some suggested short answer and essay style exam questions for this aspect of the A-level sociology specification.. Binoculars serve to magnify, enlarge, clarify, and expand our view of the thing we are looking at. After the Enron collapse, every company offering stocks for trade underwent a government supervised audit of its accounting processes in order to restore the public trust. Chronosystem. 8.4 Economic Inequality and Poverty in the United States, 9.1 The Nature and Extent of Global Stratification, 10.1 Racial and Ethnic Relations: An American Dilemma, 10.5 Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the United States, 10.6 Race and Ethnicity in the 21st Century, 11.4 Violence Against Women: Rape and Pornography, 11.5 The Benefits and Costs of Being Male, 12.1 Gerontology and the Concept of Aging, 12.2 The Perception and Experience of Aging, 12.4 Life Expectancy, Aging, and the Graying of Society, 12.5 Biological and Psychological Aspects of Aging, 13.1 Economic Development in Historical Perspective, 15.1 The Family in Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives, 15.2 Sociological Perspectives on the Family, 15.3 Family Patterns in the United States Today, 15.4 Changes and Issues Affecting American Families, 16.1 A Brief History of Education in the United States, 16.2 Sociological Perspectives on Education, 17.2 Religion in Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspective, 17.3 Sociological Perspectives on Religion, 17.6 Trends in Religious Belief and Activity, 18.1 Understanding Health, Medicine, and Society, 18.2 Health and Medicine in International Perspective, 18.3 Health and Illness in the United States, 18.4 Medicine and Health Care in the United States. The Study of People in Groups. Families and individuals change over a period of timethey progress through a series of similar developmental stages and face similar transition points and developmental tasks. At the end of this chapter you will be able to do the following. The mesosystem links two microsystems together, direct or indirectly. Third, the life course perspective has a dynamic view of process and change. In fact, Maria has the most individual strain of any family member in this family system. Outcomes are those rewards or costs which are received or incurred by actors from each other in an exchange relationship. Since they are openly licensed, you are welcome to retain, reuse, revise, remix, and redistribute as desired. Many believed women deserved the vote due to their maternal virtues while others believed women and men were equal in endowments. Explain the major assumptions of each of the theoretical perspectives. Sociologists study the make-up of families and. Duvall, E. M. (1988). Social action theory in sociology is a critical theory that holds that society is a construction of the interactions and meanings of its members. That is not to say that all sociological phenomena are conflict-based. The life course perspective acknowledges the variance in the possible sequence of events, as well as, the omission of some events, such as not having children. In this chapter we will briefly discuss six such theories: Family Systems, Family Developmental, Life Course, Social Exchange, Ecological, and Feminist. Radical feminists believe the current patriarchal system must be eliminated. 22.2 Public Sociology and Improving Society. To fully understand what is meant by systems and subsystems look at Figure 3 which depicts Juan and Marias extended family system. Our daily interactions are filled with symbols and an ongoing process of interactions with other people based on the meanings of these symbols. But there are various levels of strain felt by each couple. As such, the family performs several important functions. The Expert Answers Q&As and columns reflect the expertise and opinions of individual faculty members and do not necessarily represent an official policy or position of the university. A Macro theory is a sociological theory designed to study the larger social, global, and societal level of sociological phenomena. Authority is institutionalized, legitimate power. This wave of the feminist movement focused on equal pay for equal work, dissatisfaction and depression among American housewives, and power as central to the social construction of gender.28, The major assumptions of feminist theories are that women are oppressed; a focus on the centrality, normality, and importance of womens experience; gender is socially constructed; the analyses of gender should include the larger socio-cultural context; and the term family supports womens oppression because it contains class, cultural, and heterosexual biases.29, Liberal feminists believe gender should not be a barrier since men and women are endowed with the same rational and spiritual capacities. Household labor offers no wages and, therefore, no power. As it developed through the centuries, and especially during industrialization, the family also became more and more of a patriarchal unit (see earlier discussion), helping to ensure mens status at the top of the social hierarchy. Paul Bradbury / Getty Images. HOME; INTERIORS; EXTERIORS; OFFICE & PORTRAITS; PUBLICITY/EVENTS; CONSTRUCTION; INFO Romantic love is the common basis for American marriages and dating relationships, but it is much less common in several other contemporary nations. (1996); Molm & Cook. This introductory chapter to the Sourcebook of Family Theories and Methods deals with the sociocultural and historical contexts of family theories and methods as they have developed in the twentieth century. 1: Theories That Help Us Understand Families, Child, Family, and Community (Laff and Ruiz), { "1.01:_Theories_Developed_for_Understanding_the_Family" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Theories_That_Help_Us_Understand_Families" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_How_Children_Learn_and_Understand_Their_World" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_What_is_Culture_and_Why_is_it_Important" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_How_Does_Gender_Influence_Children_Families_and_Communities" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:__What_is_a_Family" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:__A_Closer_Look_at_Parenting" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Building_Trusting_Collaborative_Relationships_with_Families" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Welcoming_and_Supporting_Families" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Creating_Positive_Goal-Oriented_Relationships_with_Strengths-Based_Attitudes_and_Relationship-Based_Practices" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, 1.1: Theories Developed for Understanding the Family, [ "article:topic", "license:ccby", "authorname:laffruiz", "program:ztccoc", "cid:cdev110", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://groups.google.com/g/child-family-and-community-oer-resources/c/HT4ML_D-peA" ], https://socialsci.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsci.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FEarly_Childhood_Education%2FChild_Family_and_Community_(Laff_and_Ruiz)%2F01%253A_Theories_That_Help_Us_Understand_Families%2F1.01%253A_Theories_Developed_for_Understanding_the_Family, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 2: How Children Learn and Understand Their World, Sociology - Reading: Theoretical Perspectives on Marriage and Family, Introduction to Sociology 5.1: Theories of Development, College of the Canyons - Zero Textbook Cost Program, source@https://groups.google.com/g/child-family-and-community-oer-resources/c/HT4ML_D-peA, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Contrast these word pairs hate versus hope, help versus hurt, advise versus abuse, and connect versus corrupt. In essence, phenomenology is the belief that society is a human construction. This is part of a two-presentation series on sociological explanations for global inequality: the alternate persepctive is modernizaiton theory, and this is available in my store also.This presentation covers key dependency theorists . Sociology. Abstract. Although the functional perspective assumes the family provides its members emotional comfort and support, many families do just the opposite and are far from the harmonious, happy groups depicted in the 1950s television shows. The model is able to account for multiple face-to-face environments, or settings, within the microsystem of a person (for example, family, school, peers); how relations between settings (mesosystem) can affect what happens within them (for example, interactions between school and family); and how settings within which the individuals have no direct presence (exo- and macrosystem) can affect settings in their microsystems (for example, how parents experiences at their workplace affect their relationships within the family) (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). It acknowledges diversity across the range of patternsincreasing diversity over time with age at the cohort and individual level, and diversity over time with social change. One reason for this is to ensure that infants have adequate emotional and practical care when they are born. Sociology. In the 1960s there was a resurgence of the feminist movement which grew from the movement for the rights of African Americans. The family can also be a source of conflict, including physical violence and emotional cruelty, for its own members. Susan B. Anthony was chosen to represent the Suffragists (women who worked for the vote for women) because of her less radical views. These theories are limited in that research and practice are often emotionally charged and there can be an overemphasis on gender and power.32, Marriage, Intimate Relationships and Families, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutionalisation, http://hhd.csun.edu/hillwilliams/542/Family%20Developmental%20Theory.htm, Elder & ORand. Each perspective uniquely conceptualizes society, social . Functionalists realize that just like the body, societies get sick or dysfunction. It is depicted as concentric circles with the person of interest in the center. Karl Marx's sociology: contributions. For the most part balance was restored in the stock market (to a certain degree at least). With more parent-child relationships developing through adoption, remarriage, or change in guardianship, the word parent today is less likely to be associated with a biological connection than with whoever is socially recognized as having the responsibility for a childs upbringing. These theories have been developed by people with a variety of areas of emphasis, from family therapists to gerontologists to child development specialists. When understanding the family, the Family Systems Theory has proven to be verypowerful. The microsystem is the immediate social settings which an individual is involved in. They guide researchers in their studies; they also guide practitioners in their intervention strategies. Development is biological, psychological, and social and all of these perspectives must be considered when studying human development.11, The life course perspective is not merely a variation of developmental theories since the latter emphasizes a normative sequence of stages in ones life. When family members move outside of these roles, the family is thrown out of balance and must recalibrate in order to function properly. The family is a system within larger suprasystems of society and attempts to maintain equilibrium by adapting to demands and to changes in the larger system. The life course perspective is a theoretical framework that focuses on the timing of events that occur in an individuals lifetime. The Family The family is a area of great interest to sociologists especially when set in comparative context over time and culture. Those new babies have strained the entire family system, but extreme strain lands on Maria because Alma is a second year medical student and spends long hours in class and training. This theory was founded by a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, and revolutionary (1818-1883). Some children have advantages throughout life because of the social identity they acquire from their parents, while others face many obstacles because the social class or race/ethnicity into which they are born is at the bottom of the social hierarchy. An individuals alternatives are those opportunities which produce outcomes which have value to the individual. There are three couples living within this home, Juan and Maria, Grandpa and Grandma, and Alma and Anna. The feminist perspective is about choice and about equally valuing the choices individuals make.26 Feminist theories are a group of theories which focus on four important themes: recognition of womens oppression; an examination of what contributes to the maintenance of that oppression; a commitment to ending the unjust subordination; a futuristic vision of equality.27, Womens subordination appears in works of Plato, who believed that men were more virtuous by nature, and others who believed men had more intellectual and reasoning capabilities. It also addresses the issues of what theory is, what are the bases for evaluating family theory, what are the goals of family . The bourgeoisie are the Goliaths in society who often bully their wishes into outcomes. positive or negative effects of the family unit. First, the family as a social institution contributes to social inequality in several ways. It turned out her first test results were a false positive, yet she acted as though she had AIDS and was certainly going to die soon from it. What is the main role you have in your family system? This exercise of power often entails the performance of family status roles. Figure 3. Heres a real-life scientific example: In the 1960s two researchers named Cumming and Henry studied the processes of aging. Let's review these views, which are summarized in Table 15.1 "Theory Snapshot". This PPT looks at everything from marriage and divorce not just in the United States, but across the globe, as well as the three theoretical perspectives on the family including functions which ties back to socialization, social structures . In many cases, any of the three main theories can be applied at either the macro or micro levels. It socializes children, it provides . Age, period, and cohort effects are linked by their interaction with one another link microlevel and macrolevel phenomena. Socialization, religious involvement, friendship, health care, economic recovery, peace, justice and injustice, population growth or decline, community, romantic relationships, marriage and divorce, and normal and abnormal family experiences are just a few of the evidences of functional processes in our society. In addition to medical sociology and social theory, the candidate will have the opportunity to teach courses related to social inequality, gender, ethnicity, and global social problems and to . By institutionalized we mean making something (for example a concept, a social role, particular values and norms, or modes of behavior) become embedded within an organization, social system, or society as an established custom or norm within that system.2. The Bioecological Model as depicted in Figure 7.1 serves as a visual organizer to both summarize and unpack key concepts and themes as they related to individual development, teaching and learning, and educational practices. We return to their concerns shortly. Powerpoint 6 Theoretical Foundations Where does sociology Begin? TheThomas Theorem is often called the definition of the situation. It says that if people perceive or define something as being real, then it becomes real in its consequences. Karl Marx wrote during a time of rapid . These theories have been developed by people with a variety of areas of emphasis, from family therapists to gerontologists to child development specialists. Costs can be viewed as negative or as forgone rewards. Anna is extremely overwhelmed by bottle-feedings, diapers, and other hands-on baby care demands. Radical feminist theories insist the oppression of women is fundamental. Maria is the Matriarch of this family system. Resources are possessions or behavioral capabilities (human capital) which have value to others and to oneself (e.g., a husbands job and income have value to his wife). Once children are born, the family plays a vital role in training them for adult life. [1] Image by Ian Joslin is licensed under CC BY 4.0, [2] Childrens Development by Ana R. Leon is licensed under CC BY 4.0, [3] Educational Learning Theories by Molly Y. Zhou and David Brow is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA (pg. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Boundaries are crucial to healthy family functioning.[4]. Sociology of the Family. A theory is a set of interrelated concepts used to describe, explain, and predict how society and its parts are related to each other. -Aunts & Uncles. Once the study is administered, the findings and generalizations can be considered to see if they support the theory. Torricelli: We live not, in reality, on the summit of a solid earth, but at the bottom of an ocean of air. When theories are used at this level they are referred to as macro theories, theories which best fit the study of massive numbers of people (typically Conflict and Functional theories). It is a lens with which to view the age-related transitions that are socially created and are recognized and shared by members of a society. Those who have are those who possess power. Second, the family can also be a source of conflict for its own members. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Sociologist George Murdock conducted a survey of 250 societies and determined that there are four universal residual functions of the family: sexual, reproductive, educational, and economic (Lee 1985). They also note that family members take on status roles in a marriage or family. They were on the west side of a gully and frustrated many who lived on the east side who were forced to drive through these slums to reach their own mansions. Women tend to assume the expressive roles, which typically involve work inside of the family which provides emotional support and physical care for children (Crano and Aronoff 1978). Text and Readings. This PPT covers the role and function of the Sociological concept of the family. Gender roles are an important part of the economic function of a family. They are committed to social and legal reforms that will create equal opportunities for women, ending sex discrimination, and challenging sex stereotyping.30 Social feminists believe women are oppressed by capitalism. From the foundation to this point was three working days. She changed how she saw her remaining days. If the findings and generalizations do not support the theory, the sociologist rethinks and revisits the assumptions s/he made. The Family The Family in Ireland has being defined as . By the 1880s there was widespread support for obtaining the vote. Interactionists stress that family is not an objective, concrete reality. The Conflict Theory has been repeatedly tested against scientifically derived data and it repeatedly proves to have a wide application among many different levels of sociological study. (1983); Heaton & Albrecht. Topic 3 - THEORIES OF THE FAMILY. Social exchange theory acknowledges individuals do not always act rationally, but assumes those departures from rational behavior will follow predictable patterns.21 This theory assumes that humans act rationally when deciding on an exchange; however, this is not always true.22. In general, conflict theorists tend to study areas of marriage and life that involve inequalities or discrepancies in power and authority, as they are reflective of the larger social structure. Instead, and as the news story that began this chapter tragically illustrated, they argue, shout, and use emotional cruelty and physical violence. Parents, siblings, and, if the family is extended rather than nuclear, other relatives all help socialize children from the time they are born. A large number of subsystems in ones life does not automatically imply strain or stress. Lets use binoculars as a metaphor to illustrate the usefulness of a theory. Feminist theory is a theoretical perspective that is couched primarily in Conflict Theory assumptions, but has added the dimension of sex or gender to the study of society.
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