which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

31. d. classical conditioning. The humanistic perspective, or third force psychology (psychoanalysis and behaviorism being the other two forces), emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as an alternative viewpoint to the largely deterministic view of personality espoused by psychoanalysis and the view of humans as machines advocated by behaviorism. b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. 23. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. Conditioning is when learning occurs. 37. Individuals in this situation are unsure of what they feel, value, or need leading to dysfunction and the need for therapy. Behaviors and thoughts may influence the development of psychological disorders. First, consider the list of side effects given for psychotropic medications. For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). 36. 53. Respondent conditioning. 99. 48. This is a physical aspect of what disease? Outline the structure of personality and how it develops over time. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. For more on the role of genes in the development of mental illness, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/saving-normal/201604/what-you-need-know-about-the-genetics-mental-disorders. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. There are also certain types of disorders that are unique to women. a. long-term memory b. numerical and spatial reasoning c. autonomic nervous system functioning d. feelings of social connectedness among teens, 105. c. operant conditioning. a. psychodynamic b. multicultural c. cognitive d. humanistic. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? 2.2.2. Second, observational learning occurs when we learn by observing the world around us. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. 12. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? d. sociocultural. In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. b. cognitive-behavioral Which is a goal of acceptance and commitment therapy? The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. c. psychoanalytic theory. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. A reliance on medication for treatment and a belief that psychological illness is. a. Fritz Perls b. Joseph Wolpe c. Abraham Maslow d. Aaron Beck, 123. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. b. control biological factors by focusing on behavior. d. cognitive. Behaviorism was dominant from 1913 to 1990 before being absorbed into mainstream psychology. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. Second, the participants in his studies were not representative of the broader population. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a persons head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: a. vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. c. neurotransmitters. Females are at higher risk for developing an anxiety disorder than men. 116. b. existential therapy. It begins with the individual learning a relaxation technique such as diaphragmatic breathing. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Personalizing Blaming yourself for adverse events rather than seeing the role that others play. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. d. Bandura. The perspective is overly precise. 2.3.2.2. c. intellectualization. Bertha (Anna O.) a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. Bacterial and viral infections. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. a. gestalt b. object relations c. cognitive-behavioral d. self, 124. Subjecting a person to a situation that causes the individual anxiety as a means of eliminating future anxiety is called: When I was a child, I loved to go swimming in a lake near my house. Communication in the nervous system. New evidence suggests nerve cell connections, nerve cell growth, and the functioning of nerve circuits have a major impact on depression and areas that play a significant role in depression are the amygdala, the thalamus, and the hippocampus. Also, individuals with borderline personality disorder have been shown to have structural and functional changes in brain areas associated with impulse control and emotional regulation, while imaging studies reveal differences in the frontal cortex and subcortical structures for those suffering from OCD. To effectively treat a mental disorder, we must understand its cause. c. irrational patterns of thinking. Postconditioning, or after learning has occurred, establishes a new and not naturally occurring relationship of a conditioned stimulus (CS; previously the NS) and conditioned response (CR; the same response). A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? The pituitary gland is the master gland which regulates other endocrine glands. Primary refers to reinforcers and punishers that have their effect without having to be learned. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). d. the ways in which women express their femininity. Cognitive therapies. The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. b. early childhood trauma. 73. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. Hypnosis was used at first and relieved her symptoms, as it had done for many patients (See Module 1). Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. 133. For social skills training, identify the appropriate social behavior such as making eye contact, saying no to a request, or starting up a conversation with a stranger and determine whether the client is inhibited from making this behavior due to anxiety. In the case of respondent conditioning, stimuli exert complete and automatic control over some behaviors. 76. We take the information just detected and use it to assign people to categories, or groups. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. Dont worry. 58. d. object relations. Skinner talked about contingencies or when one thing occurs due to another. It has several structures in common with all cells in the body. If a client-centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman, the therapist would try to: a. point out the clients misconceptions. 68. c. primary process thought. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. Evaluate the usefulness of the behavioral model. Describe observational learning and modeling. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. Examine the evidence both for and against your thought. a. a. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. Describe commonly used treatments for mental illness. b. exposure therapy. First, the response is made, and nothing happens. According to cognition-focused therapists, all of the following can be sources of abnormal thinking EXCEPT: a. illogical thinking. b. delusional thinking. A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. 143. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. Counselors, clinical psychologists, and psychotherapists often work directly in . Which is an example of latent content? List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. Depression occurs with greater frequency in women than men. The critical part is what happens to the person modeling the behavior. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). b. b. cognitive-behavioral. These two cases demonstrate what principle of developmental psychopathology? This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. b. social factors leading to stress. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. Evaluating the cognitive model. d. Freud. None of the models are complete within themselves. The charge inside is -70mV at rest. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology by Washington State University is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. So, if there are 10 objects/situations in the list, the client will experience ten such pairings and eventually be able to face each without fear. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. Next, a fear hierarchy, or list of feared objects and situations, is constructed in which the individual moves from least to most feared. You immediately focus all of your energy on the financial implications of your partner's departure and ways to save money. Second, transference is the process through which patients transfer attitudes he/she held during childhood to the therapist. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to: Which group BEST reflects those who may benefit from couple therapy?

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