how has the eurotas river changed over time

Continued slippage along the Sparta Fault dropped the middle Eurotas valley further forcing the river to cut its way through the 100250 m hills dividing the lower from the middle valley, creating Eurotas Ravine. The newly granted status meant Spartan men could live at their homes, most of the Spartans were farmers but the helots would work the land for them. Fortunately new finds have come to light so that the picture has changed radically. They achieved this status during the Greco-Persian wars especially the Battle of Thermopylae when a small force of Greeks led by 300 Spartan soldiers managed to fend off Xerxes and his massive armies, which included the then-superior Persian Immortals, for three days, inflicting heavy casualties. But in the end, they chose to leave it so as to recognize its significance to the development of Greek culture. Updates? With the rest of the Greek world keenly aware that the Spartans had imperial ambitions, there was an increased desire to antagonize Sparta, and in 395 BCE, Thebes, which had been growing more powerful, decided to support the city of Locris in its desire to collect taxes from nearby Phocis, which was an ally of Sparta. This condition once again shows how Athens and Sparta were trying to find a way for both to coexist despite the massive power of each. Omissions? [3.1] Perhaps BATEIA, PERIBOIA, THERO, EUROTAS (Eurtas), a son of Myles and grandson of Lelex. Sparta, on the other hand, felt the purpose of the alliance was to defend Greece from the Persians, and since they had been driven from Greece, the alliance no longer served a purpose and could, therefore, be disbanded. It contains the countries of Aetolia (famed for the Calydonian boar hunt), Locris (divided into 2 sections by Doris and Phocis), Acarnania (west of Aetolia, bordered by the Achelous River, and north of the Gulf of Calydon), Doris, Phocis, Boeotia, Attica, and Megaris.Boeotia and Attica are separated by Mt. Long proponents of isolationism, the Spartan citizens now saw themselves alone atop the Greek world. In exchange, the helots were allowed to keep 50 percent of what they produced, were allowed to marry, practice their own religion, and, in some cases, own property. These channel-jumping events, which are called avulsions, have caused some of the deadliest floods in human history. Similar events have been linked to the decline of Mesopotamian civilization along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq, Kuwait, Turkey and Syria. "The nature of rivers, and their streams, are visible to us. It comes from the Arcadian village of Scortsinos (in the area of Logaras), south of Mantineia. Furthermore, Athens was now faced with the possibility of being caught in between Sparta and the now-powerful Thebes, so, in 371 BCE, Athens asked for peace. Whether or not they existed alongside other ethnic groups, or if these other groups remained outside Mycenaean influence, is unclear, but we do know that after the fall of the Mycenaeans and the Late Bronze Age Collapse, the Dorians, became the most dominant ethnicity on the Peloponnese. Unfortunately, there is little reliable historical evidence to document the events of The First Messenian War, but it is believed to have taken place between c. 743-725 BCE. It is popular for its strong army as well as its wars with Athens. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Evrotas-River. Cartledge, Paul. Sparta sent troops to support the overthrow of the government since they were allies with the Thebans. In this theory, the Dorians rose to prominence taking advantage of turmoil amongst the Achaean-led Mycenaeans. Despite the intrigue surrounding the Battle of Thermopylae, it was still a defeat for the Greeks, and as Xerxes marched south, he burned the cities that had defied him, including Athens. Built around the early 8th century BC, the Spartans believed it had been the former residence of Menelaus. We discovered 113 river avulsion events in temperate, tropical and dry climates. 28 ff (trans. Shortly after this happened, Corinth announced it would stand against Sparta, a surprising move given the two cities longstanding relationship in the Peloponnesian League. 116 (trans. A recent study measured the outflow through the catchment exit every 15 days for 540 days in 2006-2007. 4. It comes from the Arcadian village of Scortsinos (in the area of Logaras), south of Mantineia. She has done fieldwork in California, Cyprus, Crete, Greece, Egypt, and Syria. Steeper rivers can have a backwater length scale as short as 0.6 miles (1 kilometer). 3. While riding through the Northern Aegean, Brasidas managed to convince the Greek cities previously loyal to Athens to defect to the Spartans by speaking of the corrupt imperial ambitions of the Athenian-led city states of the Delian League. Hellenistic and Roman Sparta. After sixty the men would not have to perform any military duties, this included all war-time activities. In my view, it is imperative to understand how such changes can affect dynamic, volatile river systems and the people who live around them well into the future. 3) calls him a son of Lelex by the nymph Cleochareia, and in Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v. Tageton) his mother is called Taygete. There is a tradition among the peasants that the course of the river was changed by a . Athens and Sparta are two prominent Greek rival city-states. Stress on the population resulting from strict citizenship requirements and an over-dependence on slave labor combined with pressure from other powers in the Greek world proved to be too much for the Spartans. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Accetta luso dei cookie per continuare la navigazione. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : Strabo, Geography 8. In Sparta, which had always been proud of its own autonomy and isolationism, this growth in Athenian influence represented a threat, and their actions to fight against Athenian imperialism helped escalate tensions between the two sides and bring about the Peloponnesian War. This location made Sparta into a defensive stronghold. Furthermore, he fought in a phalanx, which is an array of soldiers designed to create a strong line of defense by having each soldier protect not only himself but the soldier sitting next to him using a shield. 5. Then, Sparta made a public declaration of the independence of Delphi, which was a direct rebuke to the Athenian hegemony that had been developing since the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars. Tutti Gli Inni Della Lazio, to C1st A.D.) : Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. First, the Spartans began offering helots more freedoms, a move that prevented them from rebelling and joining the ranks of the Athenians. Outside the Peloponnese and central Greece, geographical divisions and identities did change over time suggesting a closer connection with tribal identity. Eurotas, a sacred river from ancient times to today, one of the most famous rivers of Greece. Lelex appears to have been conceived by ancient mythographers as the eponymous founder of the Leleges, a semi-mythical people that lived on both sides of the Aegean Sea. These two locations were chosen because they provided the best topological conditions for neutralizing the superior Persian numbers. For instance as a member of the state at age twenty, Spartan men were allowed to marry, but they would not share a marital home until they were thirty or older. One recent example occurred in 2008, when the Kosi River in India shifted its course by over 60 miles (100 kilometers) in a matter of days, displacing over 3 million people. Scarce 1790 map "Essai Sur La Topographie De Sparte Et De Ses Environs", hand colored. To the east of that alluvial fans from Taygetus cover half the valley, making it asymmetrical. The early Helladic pottery is "standard some showing close links with the Cyclades, western Crete and the northeastern Aegean." Four years later, in 427 BCE, they finally broke through, but the war had changed considerably by then. In the period following Spartas exit from the pan-Hellenic alliance until the outbreak of war with Athens, several major events took place: The Athenians did not like the way they had been treated by the Spartans after offering their support in the helot rebellion. Jones) (Greek geographer C1st B.C. Soon after 1500, what we know today as Russia appears on the map, and in the late 1800s Germany also comes into existence. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, https://doi.org/10.5325/jeasmedarcherstu.8.3-4.0328, Anatolian Empires: Local Experiences from Hittites to Phrygians at adr Hyk, Technological Insights on Philistine Culture: Perspectives from Tell es-Safi/Gath, Revisiting 1177 BCE and the Late Bronze Age Collapse, Questioning the Concept of Marginality: Early Modern Ethnography and Bronze Age Archaeology of the Foothills and Uplands of the Raganello Basin (Northern Calabria, Italy). Some of these kings include, from the Agiad dynasty: From the Eurypontid dynasty, the most important kings were: While many parts of Spartan society were considerably unequal, and freedoms were limited for all but the most elite, Spartan women were granted a much more significant role in Spartan life than they were in other Greek cultures at the time. 1270a23 Cithaeron. Accessed March 4, 2023. Currently the nitrate waste from fertilizers is polluting the river, aggravated by diminished flow because of the irrigation demands on it.[17]. [2], The classical Eurotas was changed to Iri in the Middle Ages and only changed back to Eurotas in recent times. Artemisium was chosen because its narrow straits gave the Greeks a similar advantage, and also because stopping the Persians at Artemisium would prevent them from advancing too far south towards the city state of Athens. Please try again. Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies 1 October 2020; 8 (3-4): 328344. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 2016; 47 (1): 125. Pausanias says: "It was Eurotas who channelled away the marsh-water from the plains by cutting through to the sea, and when the land was drained he called the river which was left running there the Eurotas. It contains the countries of Aetolia (famed for the Calydonian boar hunt), Locris (divided into 2 sections by Doris and Phocis), Acarnania (west of Aetolia, bordered by the Achelous River, and north of the Gulf of Calydon), Doris, Phocis, Boeotia, Attica, and Megaris.Boeotia and Attica are separated by Mt. Vitrebond Before Or After Etch, The archaeologists analyzing the site recognized a building PeriodI, dated between LH2BLH3A1, the latter being brought to and end about 1425BCE by a severe earthquake. In the U.S., the Mississippi River has changed course many times over the past 7,000 years. It has a striking, grid-like pattern and wide, people-friendly pavements (a rarity in. He was not a royal. ABOVE: Photograph from Wikimedia Commons of Side A of an Attic red-figure pelike painted by the Pan Painter dating to between c. 480 and c. 470 BCE, depicting a woman working as a street vendor. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) : Eurotas, however, is not the most ancient name of the river. Most of the numerous tributaries of the Eurotas are right-bank, feeding the shallow aquifer. Athens was the centre for arts, learning and . Land use changes, such as converting forests to farmlands, also are increasing sediment loads. However, when floods occur, the larger volume of faster-moving water erodes the riverbed. Between 1687 and 1702, the Euphrates River changed course and jeopardized the stability of the eastern Ottoman Empire when a large segment of it changed course. This greatly angered the Thebans, something that would come to haunt the Spartans later on. Whether or not the Dorians who later founded Sparta truly came from northern Greece as part of an invasion or if they simply migrated for survival reasons, Dorian pastoralist culture is ingrained into the early moments of Spartan history. The classical Eurotas was changed to Iri in the Middle Ages and only changed back to Eurotas in recent times. In the end, he was right, and Athens knew it. To join this force, you had to have a son of your own, for death was a near certainty. Cost Of Living In Croatia In Euro, However, we also discovered a new class of avulsions on deltas that did not reflect either valley confinement or the backwater length. It has a gorgeous position, like an amphitheater of houses built on the slopes of Taygetus, its grand architecture reminiscent of a time when villages, not cities, were the centers of life in the . By: Charles River Editors. One etymology derives the word Eurtas from the ancient Greek eurs (), "mold". In addition, she has written or contributed to nearly 100 articles dealing with Aegean, Cypriot, and Philistine archaeology, architecture, theory, piracy, gender, and space. Climate change is already increasing flooding in many parts of the world and washing more sediments into rivers. The fault-block geology had developed earlier. For example, the Catatumbo River in South America changed course in 1982 about 6.5 miles (10.5 kilometers) inland from the point where it flows into Venezuelas Lake Maracaibo close to its backwater length, which is 8.5 miles (13.7 kilometers). [8] The lower river runs between dikes in a long, straight course. From the catchment at an altitude of 430m (1,410ft) part of the water flows into the Alpheios stream, which enters the upper Eurotas.[6]. Occupation of the hill went on through the Greek Dark Age, reduced to the Menelaon shrine in the Archaic and Classical Periods. If only the face appears, they might wear horns and have wavy hair or be accompanied by fish. The town extended over the entire drowned isthmus from 60rock-cut tombs on the Pounta shore (a beach) to the remains of walls on Pavlopetri island off Elafonisos. It is quite simple to understand that in plain areas, rivers will take the easiest and least resistant route. Led by Spartan king Leochtydes, the Greeks achieved another decisive victory and crushed the Persian fleet. Study now. However, this decision to enslave the population meant that Spartan control in the region was loose at best. His line, the Agiads, is named after him. Laggard Lakonia: Social and political change in Lakonia during the Mycenaean period. To help you understand more about the history of Sparta, we have used some of these primary sources, along with a collection of important secondary sources, to reconstruct the story of Sparta from its founding until its fall. After the Greek alliance had managed to beat back the advancing Persians, a debate ensued amongst the leaders of the various Greek city states. 11. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In the period between the Second Messenian War and the Greco-Persian Wars, Sparta was able to consolidate its power in Laconia and Messenia, as well as on the Peloponnese. They routinely flood, and on rare occasions, they can abruptly shift pathways. The rich alluvial soil through which the final 10km of the Eurotas flows was not there in antiquity. However, Sparta bribed Argive leaders to abandon their support, which all but eliminated the Messenian chances of success. "[6] The "cutting through" is seen by Pausanias translator and commentator, Peter Levy, S.J., as an explanation of Eurotas (or Vrodamas) Canyon, a ravine north of Skala where the river has cut through the foothills of Taygetus after changing direction to the west of the valley. There are several factors that contribute to the change in courses of the Mississippi River. Eurotas had no male heir but he did have two daughters Sparta and . Society and Politics of the Spartans - The 'Militaristic' Origins of Sparta . [6], Logaras Spring supplies an anciently constructed catchment basin about the size of a pond, sometimes called a lake, which exits both to irrigation channels and to the Alpheios stream (not to be confused with the Alpheios river in the northwestern Peloponnese). - THUCYDIDES The word 'Lacedaemon' also comes from Greek mythology, wherein Lacedaemon was said to have been a son of Zeus and nymph Taygete.Lacedaemon, in turn, married Sparta, the daughter of Eurotas, and named the country after himself and the founded city after his wife. ABC-CLIO, 2011. The river Thames itself, though embanked, tamed, and spanned by many bridges rather than only one, remains a constant. Fortunately for us, the Greeks began using a common language sometime in the 8th century BCE, and this has provided us with a number of primary sources which we can use to uncover the ancient history of the city of Sparta. The Laconian Alpheios stream is unconnected with the Alpheios river in Arcadia. The river makes a long route (90 km) in the plain between Taygetos and Parnonas and eventually flows into the Laconic gulf. 1. Sparta is situated at the end of a very small, but fertile river plain about 14 km long. For Spartiate women, on the other hand, the expectation of staying indoors does not seem to have existed at all. Instead of unifying into one large empire under the rule of a common monarch, independent Greek city-states flourished throughout the Greek mainland, the Aegean Sea, Macedon, Thrace, and Ionia, a region on the southern coast of modern-day Turkey. Eira, where he remained for eleven years despite Spartas near-constant siege. Flash flooding is a problem. He was named Outstanding Faculty Member of the Year in 2002, 2009, and 2015. There are three different ways you can cite this article. It was probably two-story, megaron-type, with "less substantial walls" but "a massive foundation for what could be a defense tower." Ako Sa Zbavit Svrbenia V Konecniku, Integer ut molestie odio, a viverra ante. Be innovative. Aphrodite has "pale-gold" hair, and Athena is known as "the fair, bright-eyed one" and the "grey-eyed goddess." These findings have crucial implications, especially for river deltas, which are home to some 340 million people around the world. von | Jul 2, 2022 | operational definition of walking | quail hollow country club sold | Jul 2, 2022 | operational definition of walking | quail hollow country club sold Free shipping for many products! Spartan boys were often sent out into the wild on their own to survive, and they were taught how to fight. Their only major defeat, the Battle of Thermopylae, occurred not because they were an inferior fighting force but rather because they were hopelessly outnumbered and betrayed by a fellow Greek who told Xerxes of the way around the pass. Powell, Anton. I say months because I expect the campaign to run as long as that, and thus, more tales shall emerge that will need to be shared. They appealed to Corinth and Thebes for support but did not receive it. By Theo . Another important event, or series of events, that took place in the years leading up to the final stage of the war was Athens attempts to expand. While Sparta was technically a monarchy governed by two kings, one each from the Agiad and Eurypontid families, these kings were relegated over time to positions that most closely resembled generals. Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time. The classical Eurotas was changed to Iri in the Middle Ages and only changed back to Eurotas in recent times. 2 : It recorded a maximum of 1748 cubic m per hour and a minimum of 310.5 cubic m per hour. Spartan citizens, who were consequently also the best soldiers due to the Spartan training program, were forbidden from doing manual labor, which meant the size of the Spartan army campaigning in Attica dependent on the time of year. Water is directly removed by irrigation ditches, weirs, and pumping stations. It is still inhabited today, but the Greek city of Sparta has never regained its ancient glory. On the first day of fighting, the Greeks, led by Leonidas and his 300, beat back wave after wave of Persian soldiers, including several attempts by Xerxes elite fighting force, the Immortals. Some theories suggest the Dorians were nomadic pastoralists who gradually made their way south as the land changed and resource needs shifted, whereas others believe the Dorians had always existed in the Peloponnese but were oppressed by the ruling Achaeans. 2 (trans. It has a striking, grid-like pattern and wide, people-friendly pavements (a rarity in. of History, Georgetown University. The word 'Lacedaemon' also comes from Greek mythology, wherein Lacedaemon was said to have been a son of Zeus and nymph Taygete.He, in turn, marries Sparta, the daughter of Eurotas, and names the country after himself and the founded city after his wife. But after descending all the way to Attica, burning Eritrea on his way, he was defeated by the Athenian-led fleet at the Battle of Marathon, ending the First Persian Invasion of ancient Greece. Mycenaean, or late Bronze Age Greece is generally conceded to be Achaean Greek on the evidence of the Linear B and Hittite documents. Because of this, there is no doubt that Sparta operated under an oligarchy, a government ruled by the few. However, over the course of the fourth century B.C, Spartan attempts to extend their empire, plus conflicts within the Greek world, undermined Spartan authority and eventually led to the end of Sparta as a major player in Greek politics. Alabama Basketball Camp 2021, This group, known as the Thirty Tyrants, made changes to the judicial system so as to undermine democracy, and they began placing limits on individual freedoms. : It was largely re-established from scratch in the 19th century a few hundred meters south of the ancient city. One of the Spartan kings, Lysander, saw this opportunity and decided to exploit it. The narrow Pass of Thermopylae is guarded by the sea to one side and tall mountains to another, leaving a space of just 15m (~50ft) of passable territory. It does not appear in the works of Homer, which purport to recount the stories and geography of Mycenaean Greece. A river may not change course more than once over many decades, or even centuries. They disperse sediment and water across the rivers flood plains, producing these formations characteristic triangular shape. The terms they offered were the same all Greek city states would remain free and independent but they also suggested that refusing these terms would bring out the wrath of the Persian empire. 2 : Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. Fighting didnt restart until c. 415 BCE. This resulted in the First Battle of Hysiae, which started a conflict between Argos and Sparta that would result in Sparta finally bringing all of Messenia under its control. Once elected . He has conducted field research in the Argentine Andes for more than 25 years and was a two-time Fulbright Scholar teaching in Argentina in 1989 and 2007. Aldrich) (Greek mythographer C2nd A.D.) : So, in 490 BCE, he invaded Greece. However, to the east of Greece, in modern-day Iran, a new world power was flexing its muscles. To cite this article in an academic-style article or paper, use: Matthew Jones, "Ancient Sparta: The History of the Spartans", History Cooperative, May 18, 2019, https://historycooperative.org/ancient-sparta-the-history-of-the-spartans/. The preparations Xerxes undertook have gone down as the thing of legends. The raids into Attica had rendered the territory surrounding Athens almost entirely unproductive, and this meant they were entirely dependent on their trade network in the Aegean to get them the basic supplies for life. 2.) The structures included kilns for smelting bronze. This allowed Athens to establish a base and house the helots it had been encouraging to rebel, a move that was intended to weaken the Spartans ability to supply itself. Hypothetically, if the Leleges really were in the Eurotas valley, the time of their ascendancy would have been before Mycenaean times. They failed, and thanks to the support of the Spartans and the Corinthians, Syracuse remained independent. When Spartan boys were born, they were examined by members of the Gerousia (a council of leading elder Spartans) from the childs tribe to see whether he was fit and healthy enough to be allowed to live. Much like earthquakes, river avulsions happen periodically in the same places. Generally speaking, there are two reasons why the Spartans chose to conquer Messenia. Central Greece has more mountains than northern Greece. This decision angered the oracle, and many legends, specifically that around Leonidas death, has come from this part of the story. This war, often referred to as simply The Peloponnesian War, played an important role in Spartan history as it led to the fall of Athens and the rise of the Spartan Empire, the last great age of Sparta. It does not appear in the works of Homer, which purport to recount the stories and geography of Mycenaean Greece. During PeriodIA, the hill settlement was rebuilt. The entire ridge was intensely occupied leaving a profusion of Mycenaean pottery. When a river is flowing normally, it slows down in its backwater stretch and drops sediment onto the riverbed. It is believed civilization came to the Peloponnese with the Mycenaean, a Greek culture that rose to dominance alongside the Egyptians and the Hittites during the 2nd millennium BCE. long hair symbolized being a free man and as Plutarch claimed, ..it made the handsome more comely and the ugly more frightful. 480 BCE the Spartans lead the Greek force at the Battle of Thermopylae, which leads to the death of one of Spartas two kings, Leonidas I, but helps Sparta earn the reputation of having the strongest military in ancient Greece. Today, the river is hydromorphologically far from its natural state. The city of Sparta was founded by Dorians, and they worked to construct a myth that credited this demographic change with an orchestrated invasion of the Peloponnese by Dorians from the north of Greece, the region where it is believed the Doric dialect first developed. Central Greece . The gerousia was responsible for electing the ephors, which is the name given to a group of five officials who were responsible for carrying out the orders of the gerousia. However, unlike their neighbors to the north, Athens, Sparta was hardly a cultural epicenter. Specifically, the treaty stated that if there was a conflict between the two, either one had the right to demand it be settled over arbitration, and if this happened, the other would have to agree too. The classical-era city of Sparta was built on the west bank of the Eurotas about halfway down the valley. Source: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. These names suggest that military strength and success was an important part of becoming a Spartan leader, a tradition that would continue on throughout Spartan history. The River Eurotas had its headwaters in the Taygetus Mountains and flowed south through the heart of Laconia, past the city of Sparta, to reach the Mediterranean Sea near Helos on the Laconian Gulf. Evrtas River, historically Eurotas, also called Iris, nonnavigable river rising in the Tayetos (Modern Greek: Tygetos) Mountains in the southern Peloponnese (Pelopnnisos), Greece. When the rivers path becomes blocked, it changes course and drops sediment in new areas, creating a fan-shaped delta over time. Tegea, an important Greek city state on the Peloponnese, revolted in c. 471 BCE, and Sparta was forced to fight a series of battles to quell this rebellion and restore Tegean loyalty. However, the combination of long typical flood durations and exceptionally high sediment loads during floods enables the erosion to progress far upstream. This history, plus the poor treatment the Spartans gave to the helots, made them a frequent problem in Spartan society. by the Spartans to the Eurotas.". Go, go, obey, obey!" Spartan men were generally well groomed. While much of the lives of Spartan men would be ruled by discipline and military, there were also other options over time available to them. (the term used for the heavily armored Greek infantry), Sparta also brought some 35,000 helots to support the hoplites and also serve as light infantry. They did this by partnering with a man named Aristomenes, a former Messenian king who still had power and influence in the region. probably introduced at this time. The Battle of Thermopylae took place in early August of 480 BCE, but because the city of Sparta was celebrating the Carneia, a religious festival held to celebrate Apollo Carneus, the chief deity of the Spartans, their oracles forbid them from going to war. Copyright 2020 by The Pennsylvania State University. Her current research is engaged with Mediterranean island identities, globalization, decolonization, interconnections, and entanglements. [4] Eurotas had no male heir but he did have two daughters Sparta and Tiasa[5] by Clete[citation needed]. However, political turmoil in Athens halted their advance and left the door wide open for a Spartan victory. the Dioskouroi (Dioscuri)], I swear, by Eurotas third, by the gods in Argos and about Sparta.", Pausanias, Description of Greece 3. The abrupt channel shift became entangled in a complex web of troubles (climatic, epidemiological, political, and financial) that reinforced each other and left behind a profoundly altered ecological and political landscape in a rural region southwest of Baghdad. This means that Spartan citizens now the men and the means to launch a full-scale attack on the territory surrounding Athens. The classical Oineus was changed to Kelefina in the Middle Ages and not restored to its ancient name until recent times. In the event that the Spartan boys did not pass the test, they were placed at the base of Mount Taygetus for several days for a test that ended with death by exposure, or survival. Here is a map of Sparta as it relates to the relevant geographical points in the region: Before delving into the ancient history of the city of Sparta, here is a snapshot of the important events in Spartan history: The story of Sparta typically begins in the 8th or 9th century B.C with the founding of the city of Sparta and the emergence of a unified Greek language. This 224 year old map is in good condition, folds as issued.

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