names of families that owned slaves in texas

AngloAmerican settlers were very alarmed, but within a year the State Congress of Coahuila and Texas, some of its Tejano leaders impressed by the pleas of Austin's colonists concerning the need for labor and others distracted by debates over different issues, passed a law that used the familiar practice of indentured servitude to permit the bringing in of slaves under a different name. American slave owners or slaveholders were owners of slaves in the United States which typically worked either as agriculture laborers or house servants. The slave population of Texas from 1850 to 1860 increased from 58,161 to 182,566, bringing the slave population from 27 percent to 30 percent of the state total. The first census in Austin's colony in 1825 showed 443 slaves in a total population of 1,800. If I can figure out where an earlier County Coordinator found this I will properly reference it. For a complete list, please see: American slave owners Project Profiles. Slavery was also vital socially because it reflected basic racial views. Randolph B. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 18211865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989). East Texas Research Center. They may be related. On the other hand, western parts of Texas were still a frontier during the American Civil War. WebCategory: Texas, Slave Owners. [33] Enslaved people were not held between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. Slavery in Texas was not a matter of content, well-cared for servants as idealized in some views of the Old South. In 1860, the Methodists claimed 7,541enslaved people among their members in Texas. He tried to create a Republic of Sierra Madre in Northern Mexico but was defeated by the Mexican Army.[41]. Alwyn Barr. WebIn 1845, there were about 30,000 enslaved people in Texas. The collection is organized alphabetically by state, then city where the bank was located, then date the account was established, then account number. The greatest concentration of large slave plantations was along the lower Brazos and Colorado rivers in Brazoria, Matagorda, Fort Bend, and Wharton counties. [10], When the United States purchased Louisiana in 1803, Spain declared that any enslaved person who crossed the Sabine River into Texas would be automatically freed. The white primary was another way to exclude African Americans from making electoral decisions, and it was not overturned by the Supreme Court until 1944 in Smith v. Allwright. University of Texas (San Antonio). By the end of 1845, when Texas joined the United States, the state was home to at least 30,000 enslaved people. They knew that they controlled their own bodies and therefore were free to move about as they chose and not be forced to labor for others. When searching, pay close attention to other individuals with the same surname. Slaves adjusted their behavior to the conditions of servitude in a variety of ways. [6] Beginning in the 1740s in the Southwest, when Spanish settlers captured American Indian children, they often had them baptized and "adopted" into the homes of townspeople. Texas did not, however, employ techniques common in other Southern states such as complex voter registration rules and literacy tests; even the "white primary" was not implemented statewide until 1923.[53]. Sugar. Alfred V. Davis, Concordia, Louisiana: 500+ slaves. Several confessed to a plot by white abolitionists to avenge John Brown's execution by burning food supplies and poisoning slaveowners. 7 rolls, National Underground Railroad Freedom Center, New England Historic Genealogical Society, John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library at Colonial Williamsburg, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill Libraries, Texas State Library and Archives Commission, Clayton Library Center for Genealogical Research, Sam Houston Regional Library and Research Center, Natchitoches Genealogical and Historical Association, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_American_Resources_for_Texas&oldid=5253354. [11] By 1825, however, a census of Austin's Colony showed 1,347 Anglo-Americans and 443people of African descent, including a small number of free blacks. Family ties were a source of strength for people enduring bondage and a mark of their humanity, too. [23] By 1836, there were approximately 5,000 enslaved people in Texas. 3 Research Strategy. In 1860 there were 3,017 slaves in Marion county 1,406 males, 1,611 females. The list below is compiled from the 1860 United States Slave Census Schedule. Although the law contained some recognition of their humanity, slaves in Texas had the legal status of personal property. The customs officers offered the enslaved people for auction, and Bowie would buy them back. A project of the University of Virginia, this database includes a sampling of some of the 2,300+ interviews Free blacks also emigrated to Texas. Before The Guardian interviewed him for the story, he said neither he nor Amy knew that side of their heritage. In 1829 the Guerrero decree conditionally abolished slavery throughout Mexican territories. Thus, slavery was not the immediate cause of the revolution, but the institution was always there as an issue, and the revolution made it more secure than ever in Texas. Slavery may have thus hindered economic modernization in Texas. As Texas was much more distant from the Union Army lines for much of the war, enslaved people were unable to reach them. [citation needed], June 19, the day of the Emancipation announcement, has been celebrated annually in Texas and other states as Juneteenth. In general, Texas slaves continued to work and live as they had before the war. William Mills 20 2. [46] Anyone convicted of providing arms to enslaved people during the war was sentenced to between two and five years of hard labor. 535 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<511162D97422004CA0FA8843222F25B6>]/Index[509 45]/Info 508 0 R/Length 121/Prev 271316/Root 510 0 R/Size 554/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream Marie Therese Metoyer. For a time, many enslaved ran away to Texas. Before being brought to Texas, enslaved persons signed contracts with their masters by which they technically became free but, in return for their "freedom," agreed that they and their children would, in effect, be indentured to the master for life. Angelina County, Texas, Slave Owners. 13, No. R. R. Barrow, Lafourche, Louisiana: 74 slaves; Terrebonne: 399 slaves. Institute of Texas Cultures. Texas, Special Voter Registration, 1867-1869. [45][i][ii][iii], Texas seceded from the United States in 1861 and joined the Confederate States of America on the eve of the American Civil War. The whites, however, could hope to improve their lives with their own hard work, while the enslaved people could have no such hope or expectation as, of course, their work belonged by law to their owners and not to them. Slave prices inflated rapidly as the institution expanded in Texas. 509 0 obj <> endobj Many slave families, however, were disrupted. Greg Abbott says if these corporate tax breaks return, renewable energy should be excluded, At these old-school restaurants in Texas, you feel like its an extension of your home, Gulf of Mexico warming at faster rate than global ocean, study finds. Elisha Worthington of Chicot, Arkansas: 529 slaves. WebLists of Slave owners with names of slaves 781-----Edward, 660 Michael, 735 Adam, Andrew George, 425, 498, 533, 621 Guy, 498 Jack, 729 Lucy, 729 Peter, 533 Sam, 621 WebAnd for greater certainty I here give the names of the slaves mentioned and intended to pass to said children by this my 5th bequeath to the best of my resolution, to wit, 1 Scott 2 %PDF-1.6 % Cotton. If they died, the boss did not suffer a monetary loss. Slavery was present in Spanish America and Mexico prior to the arrival of American settlers, but it was not highly developed, and the Spanish did not rely on it for labor during their years in Spanish Texas. Sugar and cotton plantations. In 1751, after three Frenchmen were found to have settled along the Trinity River to trade with the American Indians, the Spanish arrested and expelled them from the colony. The news organization used documents from, to confirm the connection. In the 1830s, the British consul estimated that approximately 500enslaved people had been illegally imported into Texas. In 1860, the biggest slaveholders were Robert and D.G. By 1865 there were an estimated 250,000enslaved people in Texas. States that had used it adopted other means to keep most African Americans from voting. [4] His account, along with those of the others, led to more extensive Spanish exploration of the new territory. Slavery thus linked Texas inextricably with the Old South. Jubilee - The end of slavery in America! 4 Cotton plantations. Religion and music were also key elements of slave culture. The General Provisions of the Constitution forbade any owner of enslaved people from freeing them without the consent of Congress and forbade Congress from making any law that restricted the slave trade or emancipated slaves. [11] Under Austin's development scheme, each settler was allowed to purchase an additional 50 acres (20ha) of land for each enslaved person he brought to the territory. Jerrett Brown of Sumter, Alabama: 540 slaves. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by family. It contains a very significant number of Texas' African-American population. Slaves in general did not lash out constantly against all the limits placed on them that would have brought intolerable punishment but they did not surrender totally to the system, either. A Special Interest Group (SIG) of the Dallas Genealogical Society [49] Throughout the summer, many East Texas newspapers continued to recommend that slaveholders oppose ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, in the hopes that emancipation could be gradually implemented. [11] Anglo-American immigration to the province slowed at this point, with settlers angry about the changing rules. Geni requires JavaScript! [36], Many local communities adopted laws forbidding enslaved people from having liquor or weapons, from selling agricultural products, hiring their own time, or being hired by free blacks. The evidence is strong, however, that in Texas slaves were generally profitable as a business investment for individual slaveholders. Eliza Denwoo Henry David Rhodes, planter, was born in Alabama about 1819. He [41] See Underground Railroad South to Mexico. One of the resolutions challenged Bradburn for "advising and procuring servants to quit the service of their masters, and offering them protection; causing them to labor for his benefits, and refusing to compensate them for the same. [24] Fifty percent of the enslaved people worked either alone or in groups of fewer than 20 on small farms ranging from the Nueces River to the Red River, and from the Louisiana border to the edge of the western settlements of San Antonio, Austin, Waco, and Fort Worth. The Bureau created a wide variety of records extremely valuable to genealogists. Later they were joined by lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca. [7], Importation of enslaved Africans was not widespread in Spanish Texas. WebAfrican American Resources for Texas. Texan forces executed one runaway taken prisoner and resold another into slavery. 4 Cotton plantations. Farmers. [8] There was intermarriage among blacks, Indians and Europeans. FS Library 976.4 D3sl, Garrett-Nelson, LaBrenda. It was a decision that increased tensions with slave-holders among the Anglo-Americans. The central part of the state was dominated by subsistence farmers. Instead, the majority recognized all the controls such as slave patrols that existed to keep them in bondage and saw also that runaways and rebels generally paid heavy prices for overt resistance. Many owners encouraged worship, primarily on the grounds that it would teach proper subjection and good behavior. This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 11:16. Nevertheless, slavery was a curse to Texans, Black and White alike, until 1865 and beyond. Mario Marcel, "Foundation Myth in Political Thought: The Racial Moorings of Foundation Myth", Dubugue:Kendal Hunt Publishers,2011, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 01:53. Trying to get around the Gulf Coast, they built five barges, but in November 1528 these went aground off the coast of Texas. [8] There was intermarriage among blacks, Indians and Europeans. [54] The drop in proportion of population reflected greatly-increased European immigration to the state in the 19th century, as well as population growth. Truly giant slaveholders such as Robert and D. G. Mills, who owned more than 300 slaves in 1860 (the largest holding in Texas), had plantations in this area, and the population resembled that of the Old South's famed Black Belt. The eastern quarter of the state, where cotton production depended on thousands of slaves, is considered the westernmost extension of the Deep South. [citation needed], In the 1870s, a system of legalized racial segregation and white supremacy was enforced. The supposed "poison" found in enslaved quarters was baby powder. They were not, and even the best-treated slaves dreamed of freedom. Texas was the last frontier of chattel slavery in the United States. If you change your mind, you can easily unsubscribe. Most field hands received two sets of clothing twice each year, with a hat and coat for winter. Since the U.S. government was not in effective control of many of these territories until later in the war, many of these people proclaimed to be free by the Emancipation Proclamation were still held in servitude until those areas came back under Union control. The Slave Narratives of Texas. This fact is not a tribute to the benevolence of slavery, but a testimony to the human spirit of the enslaved African Americans. Stephen F. Austin made this clear in 1824: The principal product that will elevate us from poverty is cotton, he wrote, and we cannot do this without the help of slaves. (see BLACKS IN COLONIAL SPANISH TEXAS andANGLO-AMERICAN COLONIZATION). All ages were represented, however, from 5months to 60years. WebLand Records Names & Surnames Slavery & Servitude Claim Listing Sankofagen Wiki run by Karmella Haynes has a list of Arkansas Plantations and Slave Names listed by county, for counties formed prior to 1865. FS Library 973 D25ngs. Slavery formally ended in Texas after June 19, 1865 (Juneteenth), when Gen. Gordon Granger arrived at Galveston with occupying federal forces and announced emancipation. For example, slaves worked hard, sometimes at their own pace, and offered many forms of nonviolent resistance if pushed too hard. In August 1831, Juan Davis Bradburn, the military commander of the custom station on Upper Galveston Bay, gave asylum to two men who had escaped from slavery in Louisiana. 0 Join Geni to explore your genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. The material conditions of slave life in Texas could probably best be described as subsistence, in that most slaves had the food, shelter, and clothing necessary to live and work effectively. Andrew Lyda 3 8. West Feliciana: 127 slaves. Only one in every four families in antebellum Texas owned slaves, but these slaveholders, especially the planters who held twenty or more slaves, generally constituted the state's wealthiest class. [7] The 1783 census for all of Texas listed a total of 36enslaved people. Schedule No. Joseph Henry 8 3. Negro Legislators of Texas and Their Descendants: a history of the Negro in Texas Politics from Reconstruction to Disfanchisement. [47] The last battle of the war was fought at Palmito Ranch near Brownsville, in 1865. Despite the fact that Texas was a slave state, however, most Texans did not own slaves. The first non-Native slave in Texas was Estevanico, a Moor from North Africa who had been captured and enslaved by the Spanish when he was a child. John Butler of McIntosh, Georgia: 505 slaves. John Burneside of Ascension, Louisiana: 753 slaves; Saint James: 187 slaves. Thomas Love 7 4. Texas had many runaways and thousands escaped to Mexico. Although no major rebellions occurred, individual acts of violence against owners were carried out. For the time being, we are using this as the Slavery Plantation umbrella or portal. Early and family life Slaves increased their minimal self-determination by taking what they could get from their owners and then pressing for additional latitude. WebWhat percentage of Texas families owned slaves? At first, the practice involved primarily Apaches; eventually Comanche children were likewise "adopted" as servants. Every penny counts! Samuel Edney 1 The low wages the enslaved person would receive made repayment impossible, and the debt would be inherited, even though no enslaved person would receive wages until age eighteen. The disturbances were resolved through a combination of arms and political maneuvering. After slavery, African Americans went on to establish towns in Texas. On the other hand, there was little comfort and no luxury. [11] In 1809, the Commandant General of the Interior Provinces, Nemesio Salcedo, ordered the Texas-Louisiana border to be closed to everyone, regardless of ethnic background. Amid talk of reparations, political figures contend with their slave-owning ancestors. It replaced the pro-Union governor, Sam Houston, in the process. WebAmerican Slave Narratives - An Online Anthology. Meals often consisted of bread, molasses, sweet potatoes, hominy, and beef, chicken, and pork. Email: info@aamdallas.org It could happen in public spaces with town halls and forums, it could happen in our own homes at our dining room tables and have a conversation about what does it mean to be part of this lineage?. WebThe Confederate gov ernment required many slave holders to provide slaves to work at military fortifications and other facilities throughout the South. [17] In 1827, the legislature of Coahuila y Tejas outlawed the introduction of additional enslaved people and granted freedom at birth to all children born to an enslaved person. Economically, slave owners had a disproportionately large share of the state's wealth and produced virtually all of the cash crops. 4807 Caroline In 1829, President Vicente Guerrero issued a decree abolishing slavery in all of Mexico, but within months he exempted Texas from that order. But how would they make their way in the world after 1865? African American Museum, Dallas Although Mexican governments did not adopt any consistent or effective policy to prevent slavery in Texas, their threats worried slaveholders and possibly retarded the immigration of planters from the Old South. They survived with the help of Castillo's faith healing among the Indians.

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