symptoms of stent failure

Depending on your specific underlying condition(s), you may also need to: A medical professional can work with you to reach these goals. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Learn how to recognize coronary artery disease symptoms, how to manage the symptoms, and. an allergic reaction to medications or dyes used in the procedure, breathing problems due to anesthesia or using a stent in the bronchi. Biliary obstruction is a blockage of the bile ducts. Youll likely be prescribed a medication to help keep your blood from clotting around your stent, in addition to drugs to treat any other underlying conditions. Theyll inflate a balloon catheter, which will push open the stent inserted at the same time. Pets and Your Health / Healthy Bond for Life, La Iniciativa Nacional de Control de la Hipertensin. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. A stent is a tiny tube that your doctor can insert into a blocked passageway to keep it open. Eat a healthy diet. (2016). Having advanced heart failure doesnt mean youve run out of treatment options. Stents are usually needed when plaque blocks a blood vessel. In general, you should discuss these issues with your doctor. However, you may see traces of blood and have discomfort until your The bile duct from this point onward is known as the common bile duct, or choledochus. The Assam Rifles - Friends of the Hill People? Mesenteric artery ischemia is a condition that restricts blood flow to your intestines. It can significantly limit the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your organs and throughout your body. Knowing your family health history can be very helpful in this situation, as well as any situation where youre dealing with symptoms that dont seem to have an obvious cause. Heart failure symptoms can greatly improve or disappear, but heart transplant as a treatment option presents its own issues. breathing problems due to anesthesia or using a stent in the Many people with PAD have high cholesterol, which causes fatty deposits in your blood vessels. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Youll also get intravenous (IV) medication to help you relax during the procedure. Known as restenosis, Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location?Hillcrest Cancer Center check-in changesCole Eye entrance closingVisitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information, Notice of Intelligent Business Solutions data eventLearn more. However, gallstones may be partly hereditary, and Caroli disease is also thought to have a genetic component. If it is blockage of a coronary artery, drug treatment, surgery, or angioplasty, or a coronary stent may be the answer. A reaction to the stent itself or to the drug coating on it. Angioplasty and vascular stenting. This leads to an increased risk of adverse effects. This excess scar tissue can narrow your artery and reduce blood flow. Last medically reviewed on November 9, 2017. American Heart Association: Prevention and Treatment of PAD., Mayo Clinic: High Cholesterol," "Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD). Explore the possible benefits and risks of each therapy with your doctor to decide what treatment you need now, and what you may need in the future. (2018). While clots and scar tissue can form, re-narrowing is most likely to occur in other spots along these arteries. It allows your doctor to see the gallstones easily. Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI. A stent is a tiny metal tube that keeps your artery open to allow blood to go through better. WebChest pain is likely: If the stent is clogging then person might have chest pains, shortness of breath, fatigue, chest discomfort, etc. You may get medicine to bring your cholesterol level down. What is the treatment for biliary obstruction? In fact, the increasing number of therapies and state-of-the-art technologies for advanced heart failure provide more choices than ever. When this happens in or around a stent, its called in-stent restenosis (ISR). A stent is a tiny tube that's placed into an artery or blood vessel to hold it open. 10 Tips for Living With Atrial Fibrillation, Unexpected Heart Attack Triggers You Should Know, Muscle pain or cramping in your legs or arms . The body diverts blood away from less vital organs, particularly muscles in the limbs, and sends it to the heart and brain. A mechanical heart pump, for example, can help the heart pump better and relieve congestion-related symptoms such as shortness of breath. exactly the symptoms you had Read More Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. 7272 Greenville Ave. Drug-eluting stents can help keep your coronary arteries open. Some risk factors include: Some conditions that can cause biliary obstruction have genetic connections, while others do not. Temporary therapies can also be a transition to a permanent therapy, such as a heart transplant. This can cause a number of symptoms and make you feel unwell. (2016). A cardiac stent is used to treat narrowed coronary arteries. They improve your symptoms, such as shortness of breath and chest pain (when your provider places a stent in your coronary artery). We aim to assess the influence of graft failure on the postoperative recurrence of coronary artery disease (CAD) symptoms in relation to the Over time, youll have symptoms similar to the ones that lead to you getting a stent in the first place, which may include: You should make an appointment with your doctor as soon as possible if you start noticing any of these symptoms. WebAngioplasty is a procedure to open narrowed or blocked blood vessels that supply blood to your legs. What happens when a leg stent fails? Lack of appetite, nausea. Does stent location affect its durability? Plaque is made of cholesterol and other substances that attach to the walls of a vessel. An emergency procedure is more common if an artery of the heart called a coronary artery is blocked. Manage chronic conditions.Type 2 diabetes increases your risk of developing leg complications from PAD. Learn more here. Stents are permanent and can keep your artery from getting too narrow again. Antihypertensive drugs can reduce and control high blood pressure. If this artery is clogged, it may require surgery. Students live with a host family and attend classes on a daily basis. If your job involves heavy lifting, youll need three or four weeks to heal before going back to work. (2008). Your provider will put another catheter with a balloon at the end into your blocked or narrow artery. Some of the treatment options for a biliary obstruction include a cholecystectomy and an ERCP. The most important thing you can do to keep your stent working is to take all the medications youre prescribed and adopt any lifestyle changes your doctor suggests. Over time, youll have symptoms similar to the ones that lead to you getting a stent in the first place, which may include: chest pain shortness of breath weakness and heart failure." For a patient who wants to live as long as possible, a defibrillator may reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death by shocking a fluttering heart (also known as ventricular fibrillation) back to its normal heartbeat. The instructions vary depending on whether you had a catheter in your arm or your groin area. Make sure to follow all of your doctors instructions. More often than not, the risks of not getting a stent outweigh the risks associated with getting one. Based on the cause of the obstruction, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Improve your language skills? This helps ensure there are no complications. All rights reserved. Stent grafts are larger stents used for larger arteries. Heart Disease: What Are the Medical Costs? WebYou may experience other peripheral artery disease legs symptoms, including: Muscle pain or cramping in your legs or arms Weakness or numbness in your legs; Coldness in the lower To minimize symptoms, the urologic surgeon should first consider whether a stent needs to be placed at all. After you eat, the gallbladder releases bile to help in digestion and fat absorption. If a healthcare professional believes you may be dealing with a biliary obstruction, they will most likely ask if anyone in your family has a history of gallstones or certain cancers. Limited blood flow or blocked vessels can create serious and deadly consequences. But for patients who have expressed the desire to die in their sleep, a defibrillator may not be the best option. Symptoms of an IST are severe because the entire artery may be closed. Lunglei's first Municipal Council Elections to be held on March 29, Mizo Sniper Jeje Fanai announces retirement from professional football, Lalnunmawia Diary, a trilogy of first-hand chronicles, Mizoram Rural Bank launches Internet Banking Transaction Facility, Govt of Mizoram bans fireworks, sky lanterns and toy guns, Mizoram Govt scraps plans for construction of LGBTQI shelter, Massive fire breaks out at housing complex in Chanmari, Aizawl, Dr. K.Beichhua hands in resignation from the post of Minister of State, The President of the All India Football Federation visits Mizoram, Doordarshan Aizawl serves cable TV operators Zonet and LPS Vision with notice to resume DD Sports telecast, Rokunga Memorial Society (RMS) felicitates Pu Malsawmkima with Rokunga Award 2021. Stents open up narrowed arteries. The bile ducts carry bile from the liver and gallbladder through the pancreas to the duodenum, which is a part of the small intestine. Coronary artery disease is extremely common, but it can also be addressed with diet and lifestyle changes. Host a student! Softer stents do not seem to improve patient comfort. A 2016 research review suggested that peripheral stents in your legs are more likely to fail than other types of stents. Cerebral stenting is a newer procedure than many other types of stenting. They can give you the most current information related to your personal concerns. WebSymptoms will usually tell you if theres a problem. Since this procedure is newer, the long-term durability data isnt available yet. It also limits blood flow throughout the body, which is harmful to those with clogged or narrowed arteries. Its important to take any prescribed medication and follow any dietary or other lifestyle changes suggested by your doctor. High-risk surgeries for advanced heart failure include. There are two main types of stents in use today: Both DESs and BMSs are meant to be permanent. These stents are put in place during a procedure called angioplasty. Bile helps the digestive process by breaking down fat from food passed into your intestine. A completely blocked coronary artery will cause a heart attack. Follow your doctors instructions about any other drugs you should stop taking. Few complications have been reported with stents, but theres a slight chance the body will reject the stent. An ultrasound is usually the first test performed on anyone who is suspected of dealing with biliary obstruction due to gallstones. Youll still need treatment to prevent future artery narrowing. In-Stent Re-Stenosis Closing the Stent Artery (1):. Heart Stents: Tools for Treating Blocked Blood Vessels. This need might be because these stents are under added pressure in this anatomy. Your doctor will typically want you to remain in the hospital overnight. Do not wait, have him talk to his c Read More (https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/cardiovascular-tests-and-procedures/percutaneous-coronary-interventions-pci), (https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.116.004249?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed). Theyll want to know what medicines youre taking and what allergies you have. Youll recover at the hospital for a few hours or overnight before going home. One 2019 study showed that iliac stents can have similar concerns but, so far, they dont seem to have concerns at the same rate as stents in your legs. You may feel a bit of soreness at the incision site. A heart transplantreplaces a failing heart with a healthy donor heart. Pale or clay-colored stools are not normal. When you have a blocked artery in the leg, a stents in legs procedure helps keep your blood flowing to prevent more serious health problems from developing. WebSymptoms like fatigue, chest pain or shortness of breath can indicate in-stent restenosis. Then they will remove the instruments from your body and close the incision. Symptoms and how Addisons disease is treated. For these stents to succeed, its vital to reduce future plaque buildup in the arteries around the stents. ", Mount Sinai: Angioplasty and stent placement peripheral arteries discharge., University of California San Francisco: Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)., University of Michigan Health: Angioplasty and Stenting.. Policy. The carotid artery brings oxygen to your face and brain. The perpetrator claims that he had gone to siphon gas from the overturned lorry but could only manage to fill one bottle amidst the mob. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Mizoram faces the second wave of covid-19 with the bravery of local heroes, ZMC Medical Students Drowned In Tuirivang, Nursing Student Volunteers Herself to Work at ZMC, Michael Learns To Rock will be rocking Aizawl tonight, Council of Ministers approves establishment of Border Management Cell under Home Department, Perpetrator responsible for tank lorry fire arrested. Living a healthy lifestyle will help reduce your PAD symptoms and lower your risk of developing another blocked artery in the future. During the procedure, your doctor may also use an imaging technique called an angiogram to help guide the stent through the vessel. Last medically reviewed on April 15, 2021. Stents are tube-shaped devices that stay inside your artery permanently. Bile duct cancer can grow and block your bile duct. You may need one if youve had a heart attack or if you have atherosclerosis (plaque collecting inside your artery). Gallstones can block your bile duct and cause abdominal pain. (2016). A cholangiography is an X-ray of the bile ducts. Claudication, which is pain caused by restricted blood flow, is common in those with PAD. Any surgical procedure carries risks. Airway stenting. They may be made of a specialized fabric. We avoid using tertiary references. Snyder E, et al. However, stents only treat one area where your artery has narrowed or closed. Take any medications your doctor prescribes. When plaque builds up in the arteries, atherosclerosis develops. This incision is usually in the groin or arm. It uses radioactive material to provide valuable information about the gallbladder and any possible obstructions. Some people struggle to walk at all. Laparoscopic gallbladder removal is the most common surgery done to remove a diseased or inflamed gallbladder. (http://www.secondscount.org/treatments/treatments-detail-2/heart-stents-tools-treating-blocked-blood-vessels-2#.YUTdA45KiM8), Visitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information, Heart, Vascular & Thoracic Institute (Miller Family). Unauthorized use prohibited. Make international friendships? 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. If that happens, you usually have symptomslike chest pain, fatigue, or shortness of breath. Inserting a stent may require accessing arteries of the heart or brain. This leads to an increased risk of adverse effects. Rare side effects include strokes and seizures. Few complications have been reported with stents, but theres a slight chance the body will reject the stent. A small mesh tube called a stent is sometimes placed in the artery Glycemic Index: What It Is and How to Use It, your artery can narrow again, even if youve had a stent placed, blockages can occur on the stent as a reaction to the stent, bare metal stent (BMS): traditional metal mesh stents, drug-eluting stent (DES): mesh tubes that. You must seek emergency medical care if you have heart attack symptoms. See our editorial policies and staff. They may keep your artery from getting too narrow again. All rights reserved. Stents can stay in your body without breaking down over time. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 02/13/2022. All rights reserved. When you have a stent placed, its meant to be permanent. When youre experiencing leg pain, contact your doctor to discuss treatments such as putting stents in legs to correct your circulatory problem. Bile also helps clear the liver of waste products. An avalanche occured earlier this evening at ABCI Quarry, Maudarh, Hnahthial District burying atleast 15 people and 3 machinery. They may keep your artery from getting too narrow again. The stent restores the flow of blood or other fluids, depending on where its placed. If you experience symptoms, you should contact your healthcare provider. Complications of a biliary duct obstruction, cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/bile-duct, rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/caroli-disease/, niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/gallstones/eating-diet-nutrition, cancer.org/cancer/bile-duct-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/signs-symptoms.html, journals.lww.com/co-gastroenterology/Abstract/2019/03000/Genetics_of_gallstone_disease_revisited__updated.5.aspx, Pale Stools: Possible Causes and When to Seek Help, a biliary stricture, which is an abnormal narrowing of the duct, an injury related to gallbladder or liver surgery, tumors that have reached the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, or bile ducts, choledochal cyst (present in infants at birth), an injury to the right part of the abdomen, conditions related to the breakdown of red blood cells, such as, pain in the upper right side of the abdomen, increased level of white blood cells, which can signal inflammation, an increased level of conjugated bilirubin, which is a waste product of the liver, an increased level of alkaline phosphatase, If youre overweight or living with obesity, gradually work to. Gangrene can develop from severely blocked blood flow and cause body tissue to die. Control your blood sugar with a healthy diet and medication. You might need to stay even longer if you needed the stent because of a coronary event, such as a heart attack or stroke. Patients may live longer and have a better quality of life as a result. WebThe symptoms of restenosis will probably be similar to your original symptoms of atherosclerosis, which can include: Chest pain, discomfort, heaviness, squeezing, aching, You should be able to return to work or drive after a week. A stent is a tube that your doctor inserts into a blocked passageway, such as a blood vessel, to keep it open. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Its important to slowly increase how far you walk during recovery as you may be still experiencing some pain as you heal. The severity of your symptoms can vary from mild discomfort to debilitating pain. Bile is a dark-green fluid secreted by the liver to digest fats, and its stored in the gallbladder. Multiple pages. Learn about the procedure, benefits, risks, and more. Learn how to recognize and treat a parasitic. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Angioplasty and stent placement is a procedure thats used to help open narrow or blocked arteries. WebThese symptoms are normal after the stent placement and should gradually improve in a couple of days. Treatments can reduce your symptoms and help your heart pump as best it can. Angioplasty and stent placement is a procedure thats used to help open narrow or blocked arteries. Youll take aspirin and/or clopidogrel, ticagrelor or prasugrel. inflammation of the bile ducts. 1-800-AHA-USA-1 Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is used for the diagnosis of biliary obstructions and pancreatic disease. If youve ever dreamed of living and studying abroad or hosting a student, dont let anything stand in your way. A hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan, or HIDA scan, is also referred to as a biliary radionuclide scan. Heart transplant patients are also at higher risk for infection and cancer. trauma. The location of your pain will depend on the location of the blocked artery. This results in pain, numbness of the feet, inability to walk, wounds that wont heal, and, in worse case scenarios, amputation Here's what you need to know about HIDA scans, including what they're used to diagnose, the side effects, and how to prepare. Percutaneous coronary intervention. Doctors perform gallbladder removal to provide permanent relief from gallstones and other problems associated with the gallbladder. Venuta F, et al. They look like tiny fishing nets made of metal instead of organic or man-made fiber. Drug-eluting stents can help keep your coronary arteries open. You have bleeding, swelling, discharge or numbness where the catheter went into your skin. They help blood flow better through the artery where theyre placed. In cases when a stented coronary artery does re-narrow, it usually happens within 1 to 6 months after placement. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. You may experience other peripheral artery disease legs symptoms, including: When youre experiencing PAD symptoms, its important to consult with your doctor to get tested for a diagnosis. In addition, routine screening tests, such as colonoscopy, mammography and prostate-specific antigen, are often not appropriate for people with advanced heart failure. 1-ranked heart program in the United States. The risks associated with stenting include: an allergic reaction to medications or dyes used in the procedure. Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (PCI). I suffered a heart attack a couple of days backAngioplasty is donestent in placeand most importantly, my cardiologist reconfirmed I do have a big heart, she said. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Stents are made of either metal or plastic. In the afternoon, there will be activities and excursions to practice language skills. Its both a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. 2023 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Along with angioplasty, they can stop a heart attack. When you return home, drink plenty of fluids and restrict physical activity for some time. A cholecystectomy, which is the removal of the gallbladder, is another very effective treatment for gallstones. Follow any other instructions your doctor gives you. Coronary angioplasty and stents. You may also be given a specialized diet plan to follow. They will determine if you have ISR and how to treat it. Monday - Friday: 7 a.m. 7 p.m. CT Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a condition in which plaque builds up in the arteries. You may experience other peripheral artery disease legs symptoms, including: Along with angioplasty, they can stop a heart attack. Inform your doctor of any illnesses, including a. Dont drink water or any other fluids the night before your surgery. Cerebral stents are placed to treat aneurysms in your brain. I suffered a heart attack a couple of days backAngioplasty is donestent in placeand most importantly, my cardiologist reconfirmed I do have a big heart, she said. Normal stools can vary in shades of brown, mostly due to your diet. Each year, healthcare providers worldwide put in more than three million stents. IST is always a medical emergency. Researchers are experimenting with biodegradable stents, although these arent currently available in clinical practice. Healthcare providers use stents to keep an artery from getting too narrow or blocked, which keeps blood from going through easily. While youre lying down, your provider will put a thin tube called a catheter through your skin and into one of the arteries in your groin or arm. *Red Dress DHHS, Go Red AHA ; National Wear Red Day is a registered trademark. ISR almost always happens within the first 6 to 9 months after stent placement but can also happen at later times, sometimes presenting even many years later. Stent thrombosis is uncommon after effect of stent placement, but have serious complication if it occurs. It is estimated that less than 10 percent of cardiac deaths after stent placement are caused by stent thrombosis. Not to mention that statistics shows, its a very serious condition that can even cause death. Depending on the amount of blockage, signs of a failed stent can range from none at all to typical heart-attack symptoms such as chest pain during exercise. This swelling will improve as blood flow is restored. IST happens when a blood clot forms in your stent. Contact Us, Hours Stents can also be coated with medication to help keep a blocked artery from closing. Symptoms of ISR happen gradually as the scar tissue continues to form. Buccheri D, et al. The risks associated with stenting include: Rare side effects include strokes and seizures. The chances of your arteries re-narrowing are increased because of the movement of your vessels when you: Research is being done to determine how to best address the concern. However, if the blockage remains untreated for a long time, it can lead to life threatening diseases of the liver. Your leg swelling isnt improving or is worsening. The Council also declared that the Government of Mizoram would continue to offer shelter to refugees from Bangladesh. Dont miss the opportunity. Theyll give you medications to keep your blood thinner for example, aspirin and clopidogrel (Plavix) before you have your procedure. Learn how we can help Answered Sep 27, 2022 Thank A 76-year-old female asked: But the pump, known as a left ventricular assist device(LVAD), also increases the risk of infection, strokeand bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract. WebAdvantages of stents include: They help blood flow better through the artery where theyre placed. This means that your arteries can narrow and become blocked again if you don't make changes to your diet and lifestyle. Your doctor knows your medical situation best and can narrow treatment possibilities to the most appropriate options for you. endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). However, stents dont cure the underlying condition that caused the buildup in your artery (atherosclerosis). The medication in a DES prevents scar tissue buildup. Weber SN, et al. For example, hip surgery risks may be acceptable, while the possible complications of knee replacement surgery are not. Stents can also be used to improve blood flow immediately following a heart attack. a feeling of being Over time, this plaque hardens and narrows your arteries. An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) involves the use of an endoscope and X-ray. Closed on Sundays. Doctors surgically place VP shunts inside one of the brain's ventricles to divert fluid away from the brain and restore normal flow and absorption of. Here are a few changes you can make to lower your chances of developing a biliary obstruction: Last medically reviewed on January 6, 2022. Dallas, TX 75231, Customer Service Your leg, where the catheter was, begins to change color or is cold to the touch. For a stent placed in a blood vessel, youll usually prepare by taking these steps: Youll receive numbing medicine at the site of the incision. Symptoms may include: shortness of breath difficulty breathing swelling of legs, arms, hands, and ankles fatigue nausea rapid heartbeat weight gain lightheadedness persistent cough Outlook What Is an Atherectomy and What Does It Involve? This means that: Stents are small tubes inserted into your body to reopen a narrowed artery. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event, (https://www.heart.org/-/media/files/health-topics/answers-by-heart/what-is-a-stent.pdf?la=en). It allows your surgeon to see the bile ducts, and its also used in treatment. The symptoms of biliary obstruction can depend on the cause of the obstruction. The incision becomes red or has yellow or green discharge draining from it. A bare metal (nickel-titanium alloy or stainless steel) stent keeps your artery open after angioplasty has pushed a buildup of plaque to the artery walls. Your doctor will first place a catheter into the blocked coronary artery. Side effects of these immunosuppressive medications include diabetes, kidney disease and high blood pressure. It shocks the heart to stop a fatal irregular heartbeat called arrhythmiaand restore a normal rhythm. Your healthcare provider can put in a stent after doing an angioplasty, which pushes aside a collection of plaque inside your artery. Check with your provider to find out how active youre allowed to be for the next few days. Biliary obstruction. Stents help your blood vessels work better after your provider moves aside an accumulation of plaque inside them. An MRI can provide detailed pictures of the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and bile ducts. Avgerinos ED, et al. The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. You feel weak throughout your body or your speech is slurred. The latest information about heart & vascular disorders, treatments, tests and prevention from the No. (2021). Symptoms of heart disease or heart attack include: chest pain; shortness of breath; feeling dizzy; nausea; extreme fatigue; indigestion; upper body pain; palpitations You have bleeding or swelling at the catheter site. This link is provided for convenience only and is not an endorsement of either the linked-to entity or any product or service. Saturday: 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. CT Take implantable cardioverter defibrillators(ICDs), for example. Regular physical activity can help reduce some PAD symptoms. When heart transplantation isnt an option, an LVAD can help the patients heart pump blood permanently. The stents placement will only be one part of your treatment plan. Serious complications rarely happen during angioplasty and stent placement. (2018). What Is Vascular Surgery and When Is It Needed? Many people who have peripheral stents placed end up needing new stents or other artery-opening procedures within 1 or 2 years of stent placement.

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