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The demands of the Hindenburg Programme exacerbated the manpower crisis and constraints on the availability of raw materials meant that targets were not met. The Germans Marched to this line in 1917 during World War I. Durand Line: Durand Line is the line demarcating the boundaries of India and Afghanistan. Divisions from the Fourth Army had been moved south, to take over former French positions and I Anzac Corps had been transferred to the Fifth Army to compensate for divisions sent north to the Third Army by 6 February, which left the Anglo-French forces in the area depleted. Marginal Line was the 320 km line of fortification on the Russia-Finland border. Successive attacks in a methodical battle were dropped and continuous thrusts were substituted, to deprive the Germans of time to reinforce and strengthen their defences. German troop movements were well concealed and rarely seen from the air and it was usually ground fire that alerted aircrew to their presence. Rupprecht objected to the scorched-earth policy on moral and practical grounds, that the destruction would be a propaganda disaster, provide enemy troops with shelter, material to repair the damage to roads and undermine the morale and discipline of the German soldiers involved in the destruction. Drawn up by … Unrestricted submarine warfare caused the United States to declare war on 6 April and failed to isolate Britain from its overseas sources of supply. Green Lines exist between: (a) Israel and Jordan (West Bank) (b) Republic of Cyprus and Turkish Republic of … The withdrawal went straight back to the Siegfriedstellung (Hindenburg Line) except for outposts at Hénin sur Cojeul, St Martin sur Cojeul and the west end of Neuville Vitasse. The defeat of Russia gave the German leadership a final opportunity to avoid defeat, rather than the attempts to compete with Allied numerical and industrial superiority, through economic warfare in the Atlantic and the domestic initiatives of the Hindenburg Programme, the Auxiliary Service Law and temporary demobilisation of skilled workers from the army. Nivelle had already decided to use the French troops released by the shorter front to reinforce the line in Champagne. Limited-objective attacks at Loos, Arras, the Somme and the Aisne were considered but the manpower and equipment shortage meant that even smaller attacks risked using up reserves needed for defence against the expected Anglo-French spring offensives. Draught animals suffered from the weather, short rations and overloading; the British artillery soon had a shortage of 3,500 horses and several immobilised heavy artillery batteries. [95], At 4:05 a.m. on 15 April, elements of four German divisions attacked from the Siegfriedstellung (Hindenburg Line) from Havrincourt to Quéant to occupy Noreuil, Lagnicourt, Morchies, Boursies, Doignies, Demicourt and Hermies until nightfall, to inflict casualties, destroy British artillery to make a British attack in the area impossible and to attract British reserves from the Arras front further north. The Germans retreated to this line in 1917 during World War I _____ MASON-DIXON LINE: is a line of demarcation between four states in the United State. Durand Line is the line demarcating the boundaries of … Within the new forward zones, battlezones and rearward battle zones, the chain of command was streamlined by making corps headquarters into Gruppen (groups), responsible for the administrative tasks in an area into which divisions would be moved for periods, before being withdrawn to rest, train and be brought up to strength. Small parties of the 62nd Division reached the first objective and were cut off, the division having c. 3,000 casualties, an attack by the 7th Division was driven back. Artillery observation posts and machine-gun nests were built in front of and behind the trench lines. Construction was organised by Rupprecht and Kuhl; when the plans were ready the line was divided into sectors and officers from the General Staff, gunners and engineers were appointed to oversee construction, which was expected to take five months. A number of devices with such fuzes were planted in bunkers but most booby-traps had simple pressure detonators. Which line is the boundary between India and Pakistan ? 8: The Oder–Neisse line. Hindenburg Line The boundary dividing Germany and Poland. [31], British and French plans for 1917 were agreed at an Allied conference at Chantilly from 15–16 November 1916. [27], The practice of rigidly defending front-line trenches, regardless of casualties was abolished, in favour of a mobile defence of the fortified areas being built over the autumn and winter of 1916–1917. Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. The Fifth Army lost 14,000–16,000 casualties and German losses in two divisions were 4,500 casualties, with casualties in the regiments of five other divisions engaged being c. 1,000 at a minimum. Durand Line: Afghanistan & Pakistan Hindenburg Line: Germany & Poland. On 29 January, Ludendorff ruled that a withdrawal could not be ordered on political as well as military grounds, then on 31 January, discussed withdrawal with Kuhl, while the 1st and 2nd Army commanders on the Somme front opposed a retirement. Some of the columns advanced boldly and others dug in temporarily as a precaution. Continuous and methodical battles were replaced by limited attacks followed by consolidation. Reports began to reach British commanders by 9:30 a.m. on 24 February, who ordered intensive patrolling and advanced guards to be prepared, ready to move forward at dawn on 25 February. The policy was to resume on 1 February, to sink 600,000 long tons (610,000 t) of shipping per month and knock Britain out of the war in five to twelve months. The 7th Division was relieved by part of the 58th Division, which attacked the Red Patch again on 17 May and captured the ruins, just before the Germans were able to withdraw, which ended the battle. In late December 1916, reports from witnesses led to British and French air reconnaissance further to the south and in mid-January 1917 British intelligence concluded that a new line was being built from Arras to Laon. Where the lay of the land gave observation from behind the system, it was built on reverse slopes (a Hinterhangstellung), with a short field of fire for the infantry, according to the experience of the Western Front defensive battles of 1915 and 1916, when forward-slope positions had been smashed by observed Franco-British artillery-fire. Durand Line: It is the line demarcating the boundaries of India and Afghanistan. b) Order-Neisse Line. Hindenburg Line – Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. * Mason-Dixon Line is a line of demarcation between four states in the United State. The German front-line was being maintained along the rest of the front and the possibility of a sudden German counter-offensive was not discounted. The precedent of a German withdrawal to a prepared position followed by a counter-attack, which had occurred in 1914 was noted and that reserves, freed by the retirement, would give the Germans an opportunity to attack the flanks of the withdrawal area. Hindenburg Line: Europe: Boundary between Poland & Germany in 1917 during the First World War. All-arms columns of cavalry, infantry, artillery and engineers were organised to advance on the front of each division. Until January 1917, the British took seriously a possible limited offensive towards the Channel ports and made Flanders the subject of most of their long-range reconnaissance flights. On 21 March 1917 the use of temporary facilities was ordered with portable hangars to be built near corps headquarters and aircraft flown back to their normal aerodromes at night. It was drawn in 1896 by Sir Mortimer Durand. The British Fourth and Fifth armies organised all-arms forces of cavalry squadrons, infantry and cyclist battalions and artillery batteries, some of which had armoured-car units attached. 49th Parallel is the boundary between … It was drawn up in 1893 by Sir Mortimer Durand. Between four states in the United States. Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. In 1916, the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme left the German western armies (Westheer) exhausted and on the Eastern Front, the Brusilov Offensive had inflicted huge losses on the Austro-Hungarian armies and forced the Germans to take over more of the front. Green Line is any boundary line. A prisoner revealed that this was to be part of a bigger retirement to the Hindenburg Position. Answer ... Hindenburg Line is the boundary dividing Germany and Poland. 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