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Stalin: the emerging monster Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928 - the first volume of a magnificent new biography of the man who made himself dictator of Russia, rebuilt the lost empire, sent tens of millions to their deaths, and launched a half-war that lasted fifty years. Rather than Lenin's comrades Lev Kamenev, Grigory Zinoviev, Nikolai Bukharin and Lev Trotsky allying with Hitler, as they were falsely accused of doing in the great show trials of 1936-1938, it was Stalin who in 1939, as Trotsky explained, advanced "his candidacy for the role . [1][7] In the Slavic Review, Lewis H. Siegelbaum comments, "Kotkin insists on presenting a panoply of structural forces and contingencies. Perceived security imperatives and a need for absolute unity once again turned the quest in Russia to build a strong state into personal rule. The character of Stalin emerges as both astute and blinkered, cynical and true believing, people oriented and vicious, canny enough to see through people but prone to nonsensical beliefs. They were immensely different beings, biographically and culturally, yet they shared an irreducible hostility to the bourgeois world. Stalin's personal life, family, and education receive only the minimal attention needed to place him in the world Kotkin describes. He is pockmarked and physically unimpressive, yet charismatic; a gambler, but cautious; undeterred by the prospect of mass bloodshed, but with no interest in personal participation. At the same time, Kotkin demonstrates the impossibility of understanding Stalin’s momentous decisions outside of the context of the tragic history of imperial Russia. Fitzpatrick writes, "This is an unambiguous rejection of the view widely held by Ukrainians and reflected inter alia in Anne Applebaum’s recent account of famine in the Ukraine. Yet if we apply the perverse logic of Stalinism, the greatest subversive agent to undermine the promise of the revolution of 1917 and transform the aspirations of millions into bloody despotism — objectively, as Stalinists would have said — was the dictator himself. This first volume details Stalin's life from his birth through his rise to power within the Bolshevik party in 1928. The character of Stalin emerges as both astute and blinkered, cynical and true believing, people oriented and vicious, canny enough to see through people but prone to nonsensical beliefs. "[9], In keeping with the theme of the previous volume, Stalin as a paradox of power, Kotkin continues to explore the paradoxes that seem to define his subject. "[b][c][8], Connecting Stalin's personal experience to that of the Soviet Union, Ronald Grigor Suny writes "The Soviet Union was profoundly isolated, as was Stalin himself, particularly after the suicide of his wife in 1932 and the murder of his friend Sergei Kirov in 1934. "[3], Addressing the veiled comparison between Hitler and Stalin, an unspoken theme that runs through the book until it bursts into the open at the third section of the book,[3] Vladimir Tismaneanu writes, "This book is not only about Stalin and his rivals within the Bolshevik elite and neither is it limited to the impact of international crises on Stalin's choices. Kotkin was a Pulitzer Prize Finalist for Stalin: Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928. The man whom Trotsky once foolishly (and inaccurately) named ‘the most blatant mediocrity on the Central Committee’ did annihilate all his rivals. II: Waiting for Hitler 1928–1941, Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 by Stephen Kotkin, Stalin’s Ism: A review of Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941 by Stephen Kotkin, Stalin, Vol. "[11], The Great Purges are covered in all their horror and the author provides a detailed account of how Stalin was responsible for their initiation and course and that his inner circle were accomplices, sometimes willing and sometimes due to self-preservation. "[1] Ronald Grigor Suny writes that Kotkin "details better than any previous account the viciousness that brought down Stalin’s opponents, one after the other, with these personal conflicts obscuring the original aims of the revolution. The Independent writes in its review, Kotkin's biography "tends to history rather than biography. Waiting for Hitler was widely reviewed in notable academic journals. And Kotkin offers the sweeping context so often missing from all but the best biographies. [1][10] In a major contrast with the first half of the book, Kotkin here shows how Stalin was not molded by the circumstances he found himself in, but rather molded those circumstances and shaped the events unfolding around him to facilitate his rise to power. About Stalin. "[1][5] Writing in the Historian, Martin H. Folly writes "His main concern is political rather than biographical, and from the start he looks to set Stalin in a broad context of the crisis of Russia from tsarism to provisional government to Lenin’s Soviet Union. . It is the night of Saturday, June 21, 1941. The pact, as Stalin (as channelled by Kotkin) saw it, was a ‘miraculous’ achievement that ‘deflected the German war machine, delivered a bounty of German machine tools, enabled the reconquest and Sovietisation of tsarist borderlands, and reinserted the USSR into the role of arbitrating world affairs’. Stephen Kotkin’s Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 is the story of how a political system forged an unparalleled personality and vice versa. Some of the journals reviews of the book were: Paradoxes of Power received reviews in the mainstream media, including many reviews by notable scholars in Soviet history and Stalinism. The character of Stalin emerges as both astute and blinkered, cynical and true believing, people oriented and vicious, canny enough to see through people but prone to nonsensical beliefs. Stalinism was, in this way, as much enabled from below as imposed from above. In Stalin, Stephen Kotkin offers a biography that, at long last, is equal to this shrewd, sociopathic, charismatic dictator in all his dimensions. The second volume, Stalin… ", "Review of the book Stalin, Vol. Interview with Stephen Kotkin, (part 1), Why Does Joseph Stalin Matter? II: Waiting for Hitler, 1928–1941, "A Portrait of Stalin in All His Murderous Contradictions", "Terror and killing and more killing under Stalin leading up to World War II", Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, Case of the Anti-Soviet "Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites", Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization, "Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928 – the despot's early years", "Stalin: Paradoxes of Power 1878-1928 by Stephen Kotkin, Book Review: How did his youth result in one of history's greatest tragedies? > POLAND > STALIN. "[5], In his review in the Independent, Edward Wilson offers this final assessment, "This otherwise excellent book is marred by its conclusion. Paradoxes of Power was widely reviewed in notable academic journals. Stalin, Vol 1: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928; By Stephen Kotkin", "Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, by Stephen Kotkin", Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union, History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927), "Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928 – the despot's early years", "Stalin: Paradoxes of Power 1878-1928 by Stephen Kotkin, Book Review: How did his youth result in one of history's greatest tragedies? [1] Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941 was originally published in October 2017 by Penguin Random House (Hardcover and Kindle), and as an audiobook in December 2017 by Recorded Books, and was reprinted as a paperback by Penguin in November 2018. [11][12] He shows Stalin to be a true student of Lenin method of leadership: an uncompromising class warrior with a complete lack of willingness to compromise with resolute ideological conviction. But Stalin wasn’t specifically trying to target Kazakhs either, even though in this region collectivisation was accompanied by a lethal policy of forced settlement of nomads. Interview with Stephen Kotkin, (part 2), Author Lecture by Stephen Kotkin, Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941, Russian Revolution, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War, 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Aggravation of class struggle under socialism, National delimitation in the Soviet Union, Demolition of Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, 1906 Bolshevik raid on the Tsarevich Giorgi, Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia, Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR, 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stalin:_Waiting_for_Hitler,_1929-1941&oldid=991985223, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Liquidating Bukharin and Alexei Rykov (Lenin's successor as chairman of the Council of People's Commissars) completed the destruction of Lenin's party. Writing in the London Review of Books, noted Soviet scholar Sheila Fitzpatrick writes, "Stalin is all paradox. Dzhugashvili-Stalin himself is the key answer to ‘paradoxes of power’. However, the author does not fail to connect these events to the larger political world of the Soviet Union and specifically the intraparty conflicts and the final purges of the Old Bolsheviks that would follow. [a][1] The second volume, Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941, was published in 2017 by Penguin Random House. He directs Princeton's Institute for International and Regional Studies and co-directs its Program in the History and Practice of Diplomacy. After Hitler refused to withdraw them, Stalin dispatched the Red Army to … Stephen Kotkin gives us what is actually a twin … The dictator, he shows, was consumed by statecraft as well as by domestic politics. "The combination of Communist ways of thinking and political practice," he argues, "with Stalin's demonic mind and political skill allowed for astonishing bloodletting. In part two, Stephen Kotkin, author of Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941, discusses the relationship between Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler leading up to and throughout World War II. Later, Suny states "The Stalin that Kotkin presents was a strategic thinker, both realistic to the point of cynicism and ideological to a fault", highlighting one more of the many paradoxes of power Kotkin explores. [2], The work is both a political biography recounting his life in the context of his involvement in Russian and later Soviet history, and to a lesser degree a personal biography, detailing Stalin's private life and connecting it to his public life as revolutionary, leader and dictator. Volume 1, Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 by Stephen Kotkin, Stephen Kotkin, Stalin: Vol. Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941 is the second volume in an extensive three-volume biography of Joseph Stalin by American historian and Princeton Professor of History Stephen Kotkin. Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941 was originally published in October 2017 by Penguin Random House (Hardcover and Kindle), and as an audiobook in December 2017 by Recorded Books, and was … HOME. Richard Aldous: Hello, and welcome.My guest this week on The American Interest Podcast is Stephen Kotkin, professor of history at Princeton and author of a new book, Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941.Stephen, welcome to the show. Recorded on January 25, 2018. Stalin’s obsession with Nazi power resulted in policies of “deterrence as well as accommodation”—and generated miscalculation leading to war. Kotkin was a Pultizer Prize finalist for Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928. Cynical about everyone else’s motives, he himself ‘lived and breathed ideals’. "[8][3], The author goes into significant detail about Stalin's ending the "concessions" Lenin made to the Soviet peasantry and his ensuing genocidal campaign of collectivization, the destruction of class enemies or kulaks and the famine inducing grain seizures. ... For Kotkin, this is a key part of explaining Stalin's inner thoughts at the moment he decided to ignore Bukharin's desperate requests to spare him the death penalty. Review of Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 and Stalin: Waiting for Hitler: 1929–1941, by Stephen Kotkin What made Stalin capable of such cruelty, and how did he manage to accumulate the power to practice it? To prove that Stalin was ever-vigilant, Kotkin refers to an obscure battle that took place in the Soviet-controlled half of Poland in 1940 when Nazi troops encroached across the borderline. "[2], Mark Atwood Lawrence in his review of Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941 for The New York Times, quotes Winston Churchill's 1939 assessment about understanding Stalin's Soviet Union: "It is," Churchill said, "a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma". Stephen Kotkin’s Stalin: ... its focus constantly shifting from the tiniest personal details to the grand sweep of international strategy. "[11] From a slightly different perspective, Sheila Fitzpatrick compares Kotkin's views of Stalin's geopolitical outlook with others. "[10] By Stephen Kotkin, Book Review: Stalin, Vol. There was no “Ukrainian” famine; the famine was Soviet.’ Kazakhs in fact suffered proportionally much more than Ukrainians, with up to 1.4 million deaths out of a total population of 6.5 million, compared to Ukraine’s 3.5 million deaths out of 33 million. Kotkin describes what motivated Stalin to make the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Hitler and the consequences of his decision. Inclined to paranoia, he was still able to keep it under control. "[4], The central theme of the first volume of Kotkin's biography is Stalin as an individual of paradoxes and how those paradoxes impacted his rise to power. 1: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928, by Stephen Kotkin, Book Review: Stalin, Volume I: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 Stephen Kotkin, Stalin: Volume 1, Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928. II: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 by Stephen Kotkin. On April 4, 2019, Stephen Kotkin, John P. Birkelund '52 Professor in History and International Affairs at Princeton University, gave a public lecture on "Stalin at War." The second half of the book shifts to focus on the revolutionary movement, the revolution itself, and the development of Bolshevik power and Stalin's place in it. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/06/how-stalin-became-stalinist In this half Stalin emerges from the background and his role in the revolution and his rise to power with the paradoxes that accompanied it are the focus. Kotkin’s account is a hefty challenge, but an eminently worthwhile one. Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878-1928 is the first volume of an extensive three-volume biography of Joseph Stalin by American historian and Princeton Professor of History Stephen Kotkin.Originally published in November 2014 by Penguin Random House: Hardcover (ISBN 978-1594203794) and Kindle and as an audiobook in December 2014 by Recorded Books. Stephen Kotkin’s Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941 is the story of how a political system forged an unparalleled personality and vice versa. Kotkin shows how Stalin used the ultimate loyalty test against his inner circle, their willingness to participate in the destruction of their own families, as a sign of loyalty to the despot above all others; those that passed might remain, those that didn't eventually share the fate of those they tried in vain to protect. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/06/how-stalin-became-stalinist "[4] In writing about how Stalin's development and the development of the early Soviet Union were inextricably linked, Gary Saul Morson writes, "How was all this carnage possible? The Independent writes in its review, Kotkin's biography "tends to history rather than biography"[3] and Hiroaki Kuromiya writes, "the book is more a “marriage of biography and history". The pact, as Stalin (as channelled by Kotkin) saw it, was a ‘miraculous’ achievement that ‘deflected the German war machine, delivered a bounty of German machine tools, enabled the reconquest and Sovietisation of tsarist borderlands, and reinserted the USSR into the role of arbitrating world affairs.’"[8], In perhaps the greatest paradox of Stalin's life, Ronald Grigor Suny writes about Stalin and Hitler, "A frenzy of hunting for spies and subversives shook the Soviet Union in the late 1930s, as Joseph Stalin propelled his police to unmask Trotskyite-fascists, rightist and leftist deviationists, wreckers, and hidden enemies with party cards. Paradoxes of Power can be viewed as having two halves: the first half where the world Stalin developed in is explored, the state of Russian society, the Russo Japanese war, World War I, and other forces changing Russia. Stalin killed more communists and did more to undermine the international communist movement than Adolf Hitler did. Some of the journals reviews of the book were: Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929-1941 is the second volume in an extensive three-volume biography of Joseph Stalin by American historian and Princeton Professor of History Stephen Kotkin. Kotkin’s project is the War and Peace of history: a book you fear you will never finish, but just cannot put down. [...] He deprives the reader of insight into how Stalin’s early experience as a writer and an outlaw influenced his later life." Careerism and bureaucratic incentives in the Soviet Union’s formidable apparatus of repression had something to do with it, Kotkin writes, but so too did the party’s monopoly on information and the public’s receptiveness to wild claims about the danger of subversion from within. Regarding Stalin's role as a Marxist and communist thinker and ideologue, he states, "the debates within the party are reduced to personality disputes, and the author treats Stalin’s philosophical universe with hostile condescension." Yet in the end, the biographer places an individual squarely in the centre of history. Stalin Vol 2: Waiting for Hitler review: A flawed masterpiece Among his conclusions about Kotkin's biography are "he fails at times to link Lenin’s and Stalin’s emotional makeups and intellectual passions to the choices they made in the swirl of great historical forces. Vol. [4], Paradoxes of Power stands out as part biography and part history, and finds a unique place among the many biographies of Stalin. Suspicious of ‘fancy-pants intellectuals’, he was an omnivorous reader whose success in getting the Russian creative intelligentsia into line was ‘uncanny’. Stephen Kotkin: Thank you for the invitation.. RA: Congratulations on the new book, this is volume two on the life of Stalin. 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